Determination of Oxygen Saturation and Photoplethysmogram from Near Infrared Scattering Images

The near infrared scattering images of human muscle include some information on bloodstream and hemoglobin concentration according to skin depth and time. This paper addressed a method of determining oxygen saturation and photoplethysmogram from the near infrared (NIR) scattering images of muscle. Depending on the modified Beer-Lambert Law and the diffuse scattering model of muscular tissue, we determined an extinction coefficient matrix of hemoglobin from the near infrared scattering images and analyzed distribution of oxygen saturation of muscle with a depth from the extinction coefficient matrix. And we determined a dynamic attenuation variation curve with respect to fragmentary image frames sensitive to bloodstream from scattering image frames of muscle with time and then obtained the photoplethysmogram and heart rate by Fourier transformation and inverse transformation. This method based on the NIR scattering images can be applied in measurement of an average oxygen saturation and photoplethysmogram even in local region of optically heterogeneous muscle and skin.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Determination of Trace Moisture Content in Dimethylacetamide by Gas Chromatography

Dimethylacetamide is used as a solvent in polymer processing and moisture in DMA affects the morphology and mechanical properties of the polymer products. This paper describes a method for determination of trace moisture content in DMA by acetylene production - gas chromatography. In the condition of 30 centigrade and ultrasonic dispersion, moisture in DMA sample was reacted with calcium carbide and its product of acetylene was measured by gas chromatography. By this way, trace moisture in DMA was determined with RSD of 2.272 percent and limit of measurement was 0.002 percent

Application of the Second-Order Statistics for Estimation of the Pure Spectra of Individual Components from the Visible Hyperspectral Images of Their Mixture

The second-order statistics (SOS) can be applied in estimation of the pure spectra of chemical components from the spectrum of their mixture, when SOS seems to be good at estimation of spectral patterns, but their peak directions are opposite in some cases. In this paper, one method for judgment of the peak direction of the pure spectra was proposed, where the base line of the pure spectra was drawn by using their histograms and the peak directions were chosen so as to make all of the pure spectra located upwards over the base line. Results of the SOS analysis on the visible hyperspectral images of the mixture composed of two or three chemical components showed that the present method offered the reasonable shape and direction of the pure spectra of its components.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

Analysis of gamma-amino butyric acid in the germinated brown rice by pre-column derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene

This paper reports the analytical method for gamma-amino butyric acid in the germinated brown rice by liquid chromatography. GABA was derivatized by pre-column derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene. To separate GABA in the germinated brown rice extracts containing various amino acids, we reviewed the influence of the kind of separation columns and the gradient of mobile phase of ultra performance liquid chromatography. GABA was extracted with distilled water from the germinated brown rice with the optimum extraction time of 12 h. To validate this method the precision and the recovery were discussed. In the concentration range from 5 to 50 microgram per mililiter, the calibration curve for GABA was linear and the regression equation was obtained with correlation coefficient of 0.999. GABA was analyzed by amino acid analyzer in comparison with this method and the results of F-test and t-test indicated that there were no significant differences in accuracy and precision between two methods

Determination of carbohydrates in infant milk powders by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector and BEH HILIC column

The possibility of carbohydrate separation in BEH HILIC (Ethylene Bridged Hybride, Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) column was studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and mobile phase containing amine compounds as modifiers. The chromatography conditions and ELSD parameters were optimized to separate five typical carbohydrates and applied to analysis of four infant milk powders. The linear ranges of carbohydrate determination were 20-300mg/L for fructose and glucose, 20-250mg/L for sucrose and lactose, and 35-180mg/L for fructo-oligosaccharide. The LODs were 16.4mg/L for fructose and glucose, 17.3mg/L for sucrose, 20.0mg/L for lactose, and 46.7mg/L for fructo-oligosaccharide. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged between 3.45-4.23%, 1.46-4.17%, 4.14-5.60%, 1.39-4.09%, and 2.49-3.61% for fructose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, and fructo-oilgosaccharide, respectively and recoveries ranged between 95.0 and 105.4

Study on the Electronic Structure and Stability of Some Endohedral Fullerenes - RE3N@C80 (RE = Sc, Y, La) by PM7

In this paper, we investigated the electronic structure of some endohedral fullerenes containing rare earth nitride and the stability of their benzyne-adducts by PM7, the semiempirical Hatree-Fock method

Study on the Electronic Structure and Stability of Some OPE(oligo-phenylene-ethynylene derivative)-RE3N@C80 Dyads by PM7

In this paper, we investigated the electronic structure and stability of some mesomorphic OPE-RE3N@C80 dyads from the oligo-phenylene-ethynylene derivatives (OPE) and the trimetallic nitride template endohedral fullerenes (TNT-EMFs) - RE3N@C80 (RE=Sc,Y,La) by using PM7, the updated version of the semi-empirical Hartree-Fock method. In OPE-RE3N@C80, the fullerene cages were modified to have the opened cage (fulleroid) structure by addition of OPE on the [6,6] position of the fullerene cages. There was no considerable charge transfer between OPE and fullerene cage, but the fullerene cages had the remarkable minus charges mainly due to the electron transfer from RE3N to the cage. The calculated electronic spectra showed that light absorption bands of OPE-C80 were more red-shifted than that of OPE-RE3N@C80 and all of OPE-RE3N@C80 seem to have a couple of Vis-NIR absorption peaks

Bonding charge distribution analysis of molecule by computation of interatomic charge penetration

Charge transfer among individual atoms in a molecule is the key concept in the modern electronic theory of chemical bonding. In this work, we defined an atomic region between two atoms by Slater orbital exponents of valence electrons and suggested a method for analytical calculation of charge penetration between all atoms in a molecule. Computation of charge penetration amount is self-consistently performed until each orbital exponent converges to its certain values respectively. Charge penetration matrix was calculated for ethylene and MgO, and bonding charge and its distribution were analyzed by using the charge penetration matrix and the orbital exponents under the bonding state. These results were compared with those by density function method and showed that this method is a simple and direct method to obtain bonding charge distribution of molecule from atomic orbital functions

Study on the preparation of nanosulfur/bentonite complex

Inorganic compounds with sulfur have a good antifungal efficacy. However there is a limit, sulfur is required in bulk quantities for application. Nanosulfur might have a high anti-bacterial effect in a thin concentration. Nanosulfur-bentonite composite was prepared from nanosulfur made by the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and sulfuric acid and bentonite was used as a carrier. The most appropriate reaction temperature, concentrations of Na2S2O3 5H2O and H2SO4, dropping rate and stirring one were determined. From SEM images, it was illuminated that small particle size of nanosulfur deposited on bentonite is in the range of 20-30nm and big one is in the range of 60-100nm

Reaction Mechanisms of Synthesis of 3,4-Epoxybutyric Acid from 3-Hydroxy-{\gamma}-Butyrolactone by Density Functional Theory

In this paper, carried out were the investigations on the synthetic reaction mechanisms of 3,4-epoxybutyric acid (EBA) from 3-hydroxy-{\gamma}-butyrolactone (HBL) with two different activating agents, methanesulfonyl chloride (MC) or acetic acid (AA), respectively, and on the convertion of EBA to L-carnitine by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP). The theoretical calculations showed that the two reaction mechanisms of EBA synthesis with MC or AA as an activating agent were nearly the same. If activated HBL is hydrolysed, not only ring cleavage reaction, but also reverse reaction to HBL can take place. In the case of AA as the activating agent, the activation energy ( energy barrier ) for EBA synthesis is 1.8 times larger than that with MC. It means that the synthesis of EBA with AA may make more by-products with less yield of EBA than that with MC, that can be one reason why AA gave the less yield than MC in EBA synthesis, as reported in the previous experimental study.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl