Use of endobronchial one-way valves reveals questions on etiology of spontaneous pneumothorax: report of three cases

Spontaneous pneumothoraces are believed to arise when air from the supplying airway exit via a ruptured visceral pleural bleb into the pleural cavity. Endobronchial one-way valves (EBVs) allow air exit (but not entry) from individual segmental airways. Systematic deployment of EBVs was applied to three patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces and persistent airleak. In all cases, balloon-catheter occlusion of the upper lobe bronchus stopped the airleak. EBVs applied to individual upper lobe segmental airways failed to terminate the airleak, which only stopped after placements of multiple EBVs to occlude all upper lobe segments. The observation questions the traditional belief of 'one-airway-one-bleb-one-leak' in spontaneous pneumothorax

PROBABILISTIC FEATURE TRANSFORMATION FOR CHANNEL ROBUST SPEAKER VERIFICATION

Feature transformation plays an important role in robust speaker verification over telephone networks. This paper compares several feature transformation techniques and evaluates their verification performance and computation time under the 2000 NIST speaker recognition evaluation protocol. Techniques compared include feature mapping (FM), stochastic feature transformation (SFT), and blind stochastic feature transformation (BSFT). The paper proposes a probabilistic feature mapping (PFM) in which the mapped features depend not only on the top-1 decoded Gaussian but also on the posterior probabilities of other Gaussians in the root model. The paper also proposes speeding up the computation of PFM and BSFT parameters by considering the top few Gaussians only. Results show that PFM performs slightly better than FM and that the fast approach can reduce computation time substantially. Among the approaches investigated, the fast BSFT is found to have the highest potential for robust speaker verification over telephone networks because it can achieve good performance without any a priori knowledge of the communication channel. It was also found that fusion of the scores derived from systems using BSFT and PFM can reduce the error rate further. 1