Study on the kinematic pattern of lumbar spine in subjects with varied bone mineral density

Lumbar spine kinematics were assessed and studied in subjects with normal bone mineral density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis to examine the extension-flexion movement pattern and determine the effect of bone mineral density on the movement pattern of lumbar spine. Both radiographs and surface motion tracking were employed to measure lumbar spine kinematics. Several movement patterns were consistently observed on all subjects, while subjects with osteopenia or osteoporosis do not possess the same ordered vertebral acceleration seen in subjects with normal bone density. This is the first study showing altered kinematic pattern during lumbar spine movement in subjects with osteoporosis. The results provide new insight in the pathology of osteoporotic patients, which would help clinical applications as well

The process of commercialisation of urban housing in China

The role of the state in housing has been the subject of controversial debate recently in China. More and more decision-makers consider that the supply of housing should be left to market forces of demand and supply. Various new policies have been introduced from as early as 1979, designed to commercialise and reform the public-sector-dominated housing system. This paper provides a review of housing reforms and a systematic account of the key features of the commercialisation process. It focuses principally on the attempts to privatise public-sector housing in urban areas in the context of the major characteristics and problems of the urban housing system, the development of reform policies and legislation and current reform practice

Public sector housing in urban China 1949–1988: The case of Xian

The literature on housing systems and housing policy in different countries has made an important contribution to the analysis and understanding of key issues relating to the origins and nature of state intervention in housing, and to the interaction of specific social, political and economic forces. The most important initial contributions to this literature referred principally to the advanced industrial economies of Western Europe and North America. This paper aims to broaden the base of comparative research in housing and add to the understanding of public sector housing provision and policy in China. It examines the development of public sector housing in urban areas between 1949 and 1988 through a study of Xian City, and provides detailed analyses of distinctive features of the Chinese urban housing system. The objectives are to fill the gap in the existing literature on housing provision in China through reference to the inland area of the country. This paper concludes that the current urban housing system reflects the particular social, political and economic relationships between the people, the employers and the government. Housing reform in China will not only bring about a major privatisation process, but it will involve a fundamental re‐organisation of the urban society