Galois Cohomology for Lubin-Tate (φq,ΓLT)(\varphi_q,\Gamma_{LT})-modules over Coefficient rings

The classification of the local Galois representations using $(\varphi,\Gamma)$-modules by Fontaine has been generalized by Kisin and Ren over the Lubin-Tate extensions of local fields using the theory of $(\varphi_q,\Gamma_{LT})$-modules. In this paper, we extend the work of (Fontaine) Herr by introducing a complex which allows us to compute cohomology over the Lubin-Tate extensions and compare it with the Galois cohomology groups. We further extend that complex to include certain non-abelian extensions. We then deduce some relations of this cohomology with those arising from $(\psi_q,\Gamma_{LT})$-modules. We also compute the Iwasawa cohomology over the Lubin-Tate extensions in terms of $\psi_q$-operator acting on the \'{e}tale $(\varphi_q,\Gamma_{LT})$-module attached to the local Galois representation. Moreover, we generalize the notion of $(\varphi_q,\Gamma_{LT})$-modules over the coefficient ring $R$ and show that the equivalence given by Kisin and Ren extends to the Galois representations over $R$. This equivalence allows us to generalize our results to the case of coefficient rings.Comment: New sections have been adde

Functional fitness: A key to independent and active living in the later age

Aging is a biological process and is associated with decrease in the physical activity level. With the aim of assessing the functional fitness level of senior citizens, sample size comprised of 90 i.e. 45 males and 45 females (15 male and 15 female from each age group viz. 60-64 year 65-69 year and 70-74 year) were chosen conveniently from Haldwani Block of district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The Senior Fitness Test was conducted to collect experimental data. With age, lower body strength of males changes but not in case of females. The other functional parameters amongst males and females i.e. upper Body Strength, lower and Upper Body Flexibility, AerobicEndurance and Balance does not depend on the age. Out of six parameters of functional fitness, it was found that the average mean score of lower body strength (5.96), upper body strength (3.52) and aerobic endurance (4.85) of males and females are highly significant at 1% level of significant while average upper body flexibility (2.52) of males and females were significant at 5 % level of significance. With time, society has witnessed significant changes in lifestyle pattern, arising nuclear family groups, dual-earner families, competitiveness and rural-urban or cross-country immigration among young children. The scenario thus further placed need to lay emphasis onfunctional fitness of elderly population so that the older parents who are living alone can be functionally active and independent and care and rare themselves. Assessing the functional level of elderly can serve as a preventive measure prior to any functional limitations

Can Coronary Artery Involvement in Kawasaki Disease be Predicted?

Background: Coronary artery involvement is seen in approximately 15–20% of children with Kawasaki disease. There is conflicting literature regarding the clinical and laboratory findings associated with coronary artery involvement. In this retrospective study, we attempt identification of predictive factors for coronary artery involvement at our institute and review the existing literature. Methods and results: A review of 203 patients (65% males) with Kawasaki disease was performed, of whom 33 (16.3%) had coronary artery involvement. High erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high platelet count, low hematocrit, low albumin levels, and refractory Kawasaki disease showed significant association with coronary artery involvement. High erythrocyte sedimentation rate and refractory Kawasaki disease were found to be independent predictors of coronary artery involvement. Review of literature suggested a wide range of coronary involvement (\u3c5% to \u3e60%), and highly conflicting clinical and laboratory associations. Conclusion: It remains difficult to accurately determine risk of coronary artery involvement, although some laboratory markers may provide information that is helpful for parental counseling and clinical follow up. Future identification of novel biomarkers and host predispositions may further our understanding of coronary artery risks and help personalize therapy for Kawasaki disease

White matter integrity on fractional anisotropy maps in encephalopathic neonates post hypothermia therapy with normal-appearing MR imaging

Background: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a clinically defined neurological syndrome commonly caused by ischemia. Objective: We investigated white matter integrity in children with NE using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and examined the hypothesis that white matter insults not visible on conventional MRI may have abnormal fractional anisotropy (FA) on DTI. Materials and methods: DTI was performed on 36 term encephalopathic neonates who had hypothermia therapy. Of these, 12 neonates had normal conventional MRI findings (NNE) and 24 neonates had abnormal MRI findings (ANE). Twelve term-equivalent premature neonates with normal clinical neuroimaging and neurological function served as the control group. Results: We found significant reductions in measured FA in white matter in the ANE neonates compared to the control group. There were, however, no significant differences in measured FA in white matter between the NNE and the control group. Conclusion: We did not find white matter changes detectable by DTI in encephalopathic neonates post hypothermia with normal conventional MRI findings. Further studies would be required to determine whether this unexpected finding is a direct result of neuroprotective effects of hypothermia, or more sophisticated measures of FA are required to detect subtle white matter injury. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

White matter integrity on fractional anisotropy maps in encephalopathic neonates post hypothermia therapy with normal-appearing MR imaging

Background: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a clinically defined neurological syndrome commonly caused by ischemia. Objective: We investigated white matter integrity in children with NE using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and examined the hypothesis that white matter insults not visible on conventional MRI may have abnormal fractional anisotropy (FA) on DTI. Materials and methods: DTI was performed on 36 term encephalopathic neonates who had hypothermia therapy. Of these, 12 neonates had normal conventional MRI findings (NNE) and 24 neonates had abnormal MRI findings (ANE). Twelve term-equivalent premature neonates with normal clinical neuroimaging and neurological function served as the control group. Results: We found significant reductions in measured FA in white matter in the ANE neonates compared to the control group. There were, however, no significant differences in measured FA in white matter between the NNE and the control group. Conclusion: We did not find white matter changes detectable by DTI in encephalopathic neonates post hypothermia with normal conventional MRI findings. Further studies would be required to determine whether this unexpected finding is a direct result of neuroprotective effects of hypothermia, or more sophisticated measures of FA are required to detect subtle white matter injury. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

The Antioxidant Role of One-Carbon Metabolism on Stroke

One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a metabolic network that is centered on folate, a B vitamin; it integrates nutritional signals with biosynthesis, redox homeostasis, and epigenetics. This metabolic pathway also reduces levels of homocysteine, a non-protein amino acid. High levels of homocysteine are linked to increased risk of hypoxic events, such as stroke. Several preclinical studies have suggested that 1C metabolism can impact stroke outcome, but the clinical data are unclear. The objective of this paper was to review preclinical and clinical research to determine whether 1C metabolism has an antioxidant role on stroke. To accomplish the objective, we searched for publications using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords: antioxidants, hypoxia, stroke, homocysteine, one-carbon metabolism, folate, methionine, and dietary supplementation of one-carbon metabolism. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies were retrieved and reviewed. Our review of the literature suggests that deficiencies in 1C play an important role in the onset and outcome of stroke. Dietary supplementation of 1C provides beneficial effects on stroke outcome. For stroke-affected patients or individuals at high risk for stroke, the data suggest that nutritional modifications in addition to other therapies could be incorporated into a treatment plan