THE KNOWLEDGE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A CONCEPT, CONTENT, AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF INTRODUCTORY TEXTBOOKS

Disciplinary knowledge is what scholars pursue in their fields, what practitioners execute in practice, and what students learn for future careers. Despite various appraisals of the nature of the study (Waldo 2007[1948]; 1955; Hale 1988; Stillman 1999a; Raadschelders 1999; 2000; 2004; 2005; 2008; 2011), the knowledge of public administration (PA) has not been chronologically and systematically investigated. The purpose of this research is to examine the nature and trends of PA knowledge in the US. Using a systematic method combining concept, content, and historical analyses, three essential constituents of disciplinary knowledge are analyzed: concepts, topics, and perspectives, as they appear in introductory textbooks published from the 1920s to the 2000s. The findings are as follows: 1) the various ways in which PA has been defined indicate that the textbook authors grasp the reality of PA differently; 2) conceptual modification and transformation are intended to resolve conceptual discrepancy between a PA concept and its meaning, on the one hand, and its empirical object, on the other; 3) the treatment of PA topics and the development of their subtopics vary across time and among authors; and 4) PA perspectives reflect the authors' pedagogical intentions and scholarly standpoints. A surprising finding is that a clear distinction is visible between the early textbooks before the 1970s and the later ones, in which the contents and conceptualization seemingly become standardized. This research concludes that the knowledge of American PA has evolved by means of the attributes of PA, conceptual changes, topic variation and development, and different perspectives. Finally, this research suggests two future studies: an externalist analysis of knowledge development and an analysis of the pedagogical contents of introductory textbooks

THE KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF 500M SPRINT START IN 2005 WORLD SHORT TRACK SPEED SKATING CHAMPIONSHIP

A field study was performed attempting a kinematic estimation for six female foreign skaters, who participated in the 500m female final round competition. The three dimensional motion analysis with DLT method was executed using four video cameras for analyzing the actual competition situation. The following conclusions are drawn; the elapsed time by phase in start motion of the foreign skaters appeared shorter than those of Korean skaters, so the start training of Korean skaters should be strengthened. Also the displacement of COG in the foreign skaters appeared shorter than those of Korean skaters. The velocity of COG and maximum velocity of skate blade of foreign skaters are faster than those of Korean skaters. And the foreign skaters showed the superior early velocity change

Orbital selective Fermi surface shifts and mechanism of high Tc_c superconductivity in correlated AFeAs (A=Li,Na)

Based on the dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we have investigated the mechanism of high $T_c$ superconductivity in stoichiometric LiFeAs. The calculated spectrum is in excellent agreement with the observed ARPES measurement. The Fermi surface (FS) nesting, which is predicted in the conventional density functional theory method, is suppressed due to the orbital-dependent correlation effect with the DMFT method. We have shown that such marginal breakdown of the FS nesting is an essential condition to the spin-fluctuation mediated superconductivity, while the good FS nesting in NaFeAs induces a spin density wave ground state. Our results indicate that fully charge self-consistent description of the correlation effect is crucial in the description of the FS nesting-driven instabilities.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, supporting informatio

Physical properties of transparent perovskite oxides (Ba,La)SnO3 with high electrical mobility at room temperature

Transparent electronic materials are increasingly in demand for a variety of optoelectronic applications. BaSnO3 is a semiconducting oxide with a large band gap of more than 3.1 eV. Recently, we discovered that La doped BaSnO3 exhibits unusually high electrical mobility of 320 cm^2(Vs)^-1 at room temperature and superior thermal stability at high temperatures [H. J. Kim et al. Appl. Phys. Express. 5, 061102 (2012)]. Following that work, we report various physical properties of (Ba,La)SnO3 single crystals and films including temperature-dependent transport and phonon properties, optical properties and first-principles calculations. We find that almost doping-independent mobility of 200-300 cm^2(Vs)^-1 is realized in the single crystals in a broad doping range from 1.0x10^19 to 4.0x10^20 cm^-3. Moreover, the conductivity of ~10^4 ohm^-1cm^-1 reached at the latter carrier density is comparable to the highest value. We attribute the high mobility to several physical properties of (Ba,La)SnO3: a small effective mass coming from the ideal Sn-O-Sn bonding, small disorder effects due to the doping away from the SnO2 conduction channel, and reduced carrier scattering due to the high dielectric constant. The observation of a reduced mobility of ~70 cm^2(Vs)^-1 in the film is mainly attributed to additional carrier-scatterings which are presumably created by the lattice mismatch between the substrate SrTiO3 and (Ba,La)SnO3. The main optical gap of (Ba,La)SnO3 single crystals remained at about 3.33 eV and the in-gap states only slightly increased, thus maintaining optical transparency in the visible region. Based on these, we suggest that the doped BaSnO3 system holds great potential for realizing all perovskite-based, transparent high-frequency high-power functional devices as well as highly mobile two-dimensional electron gas via interface control of heterostructured films.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figure

The effect of various design codes and dynamic magnification on buildings with torsional irregularity

Seismic provisions have utilized design eccentricities to reduce planar irregularities in lateral stiffness of buildings. In calculating a design eccentricity, the torsional amplification factor may be applied either to accidental eccentricity or to both inherent and accidental eccentricities according to design codes. In this paper, different code provisions and their impact on torsional responses of buildings are investigated using example buildings with various aspect ratios and inherent eccentricities. It was found that the design eccentricity in KBC-2009 using torsional amplification factor for only accidental eccentricity reflects the dynamic magnification more accurately than that in KBC-2006 using this factor for both inherent and accidental eccentricity. And dynamic magnification of a torsionally imbalanced building is affected by the size of seismic design force of response spectrum analysis than design eccentricity of equivalent static analysis in KBC-2009. In other words, design eccentricity including torsional amplification factor in KBC-2009 do not reflect the dynamic magnification accurately

Effect of Long-Term Dietary Arginyl-Fructose (AF) on Hyperglycemia and HbA1c in Diabetic db/db Mice

We have previously reported that Amadori compounds exert anti-diabetic effects by lowering sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. In the present study we extended our recent findings to evaluate whether α-glucosidase inhibitor arginyl-fructose (AF) lowers blood glucose level in diabetic db/db mice, a genetic model for type 2 diabetes. The db/db mice were randomly assigned to high-carbohydrate diets (66.1% corn starch) with and without AF (4% in the diet) for 6 weeks. Changes in body weight, blood glucose level, and food intake were measured daily for 42 days. Dietary supplementation of AF resulted in a significant decrease of blood glucose level (p \u3c 0.001) and body weight (p \u3c 0.001). The level of HbA1c, a better indicator of plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time, was also significantly decreased for 6-week period (p \u3c 0.001). Dietary treatment of acarbose® (0.04% in diet), a positive control, also significantly alleviated the level of blood glucose, HbA1c, and body weight. These results indicate that AF Maillard reaction product improves postprandial hyperglycemia by suppressing glucose absorption as well as decreasing HbA1c level

Turning behaviors of T cells climbing up ramp-like structures are regulated by myosin light chain kinase activity and lamellipodia formation

T cells navigate diverse microenvironments to perform immune responses. Micro-scale topographical structures within the tissues, which may inherently exist in normal tissues or may be formed by inflammation or injury, can influence T cell migration, but how T cell migration is affected by such topographical structures have not been investigated. In this study, we fabricated ramp-like structures with a 5 mu m height and various slopes, and observed T cells climbing up the ramp-like structures. T cells encountering the ramp-like structures exhibited MLC accumulation near head-tail junctions contacting the ramp-like structures, and made turns to the direction perpendicular to the ramp-like structures. Pharmacological study revealed that lamellipodia formation mediated by arp2/3 and contractility regulated by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were responsible for the intriguing turning behavior of T cells climbing the ramp-like structures. Arp2/3 or MLCK inhibition substantially reduced probability of T cells climbing sharp-edged ramp-like structures, indicating intriguing turning behavior of T cells mediated by lamellipodia formation and MLCK activity may be important for T cells to access inflamed or injured tissues with abrupt topographical changes.11Ysciescopu

Effect of Long-Term Dietary Arginyl-Fructose (AF) on Hyperglycemia and HbA1c in Diabetic \u3cem\u3edb/db\u3c/em\u3e Mice

We have previously reported that Amadori compounds exert anti-diabetic effects by lowering sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. In the present study we extended our recent findings to evaluate whether α-glucosidase inhibitor arginyl-fructose (AF) lowers blood glucose level in diabetic db/db mice, a genetic model for type 2 diabetes. The db/db mice were randomly assigned to high-carbohydrate diets (66.1% corn starch) with and without AF (4% in the diet) for 6 weeks. Changes in body weight, blood glucose level, and food intake were measured daily for 42 days. Dietary supplementation of AF resulted in a significant decrease of blood glucose level (p \u3c 0.001) and body weight (p \u3c 0.001). The level of HbA1c, a better indicator of plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time, was also significantly decreased for 6-week period (p \u3c 0.001). Dietary treatment of acarbose® (0.04% in diet), a positive control, also significantly alleviated the level of blood glucose, HbA1c, and body weight. These results indicate that AF Maillard reaction product improves postprandial hyperglycemia by suppressing glucose absorption as well as decreasing HbA1c level