Detrital Garnets in Permian to Cretaceous Sandstones of the Kurosegawa Terrane and its Geological Significance

Detrital garnets in Permian to Cretaceous sandstones of the Kurosegawa Terrane in the western part of Kyushu (the Kashinoki— Pass area of Kumamoto Prefecture) have been studied from the sedimentary petrological viewpoint. EPMA analysis of detrital garnets (a total of 1166 grains) have revealed that: There are significant differences in chemical composition between detrital garnets of the sandstones from the Upper Permian Kuma Formation and the Mesozoic formations. Detrital garnets of the Kuma Formation consist mostly of grandite associated with some almandine garnet and rare spessartine being derived from calcareous metamorphic rocks, probably skarn. On the other hand, detrital garnets of the Upper Triassic formation consist mainly of almandine with minor amount of Mg content, some Mn—Fe garnet, and minor grandite. Those of the Middle to Upper Jurassic formation consist mainly of almandine garnet with minor amount of Mg and Mn content. These Triassic to Jurassic detrital garnets are considered to be derived from high—grade, partly granulite facies, metamorphic rocks. And, detrital garnets of the Lower Cretaceous Yatsushiro Formation consist of almandine with minor amount of Mg and Mn content and grandite derived from calcareous metamorphic rocks (probably skarn) and high—grade metapelites. Based on such mineralogical characters of detrital garnets it can be pointed out that there are significant differences in provenance (namely, rock component in the source area) between the Upper Permian Kuma Formation and the Mesozoic formations in the Kurosegawa Terrane

Chemical Composition of Detrital Garnets in Permian to Jurassic Sandstones of the Kurosegawa Terrane in the Kayaba: Nishinoiwa Area, Western Kyushu, Japan

In the Kayaba—Nishinoiwa area, Kumamoto Prefecture, the Miyama Formation, the Kakisako Formation, the Kuma Formation, the Upper Triassic formation, the Lower to Middle Jurassic formation and the Hashirimizu Formation are distributed from north to south. The stratigraphy is described in this paper in some detail, and besides detrital garnets in Permian to Jurassic sandstones in the well-organized stratigraphic units of the Kurosegawa Terrane in this area have been studied from the sedimentary petrological viewpoint. EPMA analysis of detrital garnets (a total of 637 grains) have revealed that: There are significant differences in chemical and mineral composition between detrital garnets of the sandstones from the Upper Permian Kuma Formation and the Triassic to Jurassic formations. Detrital garnets of the Kuma Formation consist mostly of grandite (grossular plus andradite) associated with some almandine and some Mn- and Mg-rich almandine, being chiefly derived from calcareous metamorphic rocks, probably skarn. Detrital garnets of the sandstones of the Upper Triassic formation consist mainly of almandine with some amount of Mg content, some grandite and minor spessartine. And, those of the Jurassic formation consist mainly of Mg-rich almandine, some almandine and minor spessartine without grandite garnets. These Triassic to Jurassic detrital garnets are considered to be chiefly derived from high-grade, partly granulite facies, metamorphic rocks. Based on such mineralogical characters of detrital garnets, it can be pointed out that there are significant differences in provenance between the Upper Permian Kuma Formation and the Mesozoic formations in the Kurosegawa Terrane

Multi-field continuum theory for medium with microscopic rotations

We derive the multi-field, micropolar-type continuum theory for the two-dimensional model of crystal having finite-size particles. Continuum theories are usually valid for waves with wavelength much larger than the size of primitive cell of crystal. By comparison of the dispersion relations, it is demonstrated that in contrast to the single-field continuum theory constructed in our previous paper the multi-field generalization is valid not only for long but also for short waves. We show that the multi-field model can be used to describe spatially localized short- and long wavelength distortions. Short-wave external fields of forces and torques can be also naturally taken into account by the multi-field continuum theory.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, submitted to International Journal of Solids and Structure

Trimerization and genotype-phenotype correlation of COL4A5 mutants in Alport syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Alport syndrome is a hereditary glomerulonephritis that results from the disruption of collagen α345(IV) heterotrimerization caused by mutation in METHODS: We selected 9 α5(IV) missense mutants with typical glycine substitutions that clinically differed in disease progression. To quantify the trimerization of each mutant, split nanoluciferase-fused α3/α5 mutants and α4 were transfected into the cells, and intracellular and secreted heterotrimer were detected by luminescence using an assay that we developed previously. RESULTS: Trimer formation and secretion patterns tended to be similar to the wild type in most of the mutations that did not show proteinuria at a young age. On the other hand, trimer secretion was significantly reduced in all the mutations that showed proteinuria and early onset of renal failure. One of these mutants has low ability of intracellular trimer formation, and the others had the defect of low-level secretion. In addition, the mutant that is assumed to be nonpathogenic has similar trimer formation and secretion pattern as wild-type α5(IV). CONCLUSION: The result of cell-based α345(IV) heterotrimer formation assay was largely correlated with clinical genotype-phenotype. These trimerization assessments provide additional phenotypic considerations and may help to distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic mutations

Physically-based forehead animation including wrinkles

Physically-based animation techniques enable more realistic and accurate animation to be created. We present a fully physically-based approach for efficiently producing realistic-looking animations of facial movement, including animation of expressive wrinkles. This involves simulation of detailed voxel-based models using a graphics processing unit-based total Lagrangian explicit dynamic finite element solver with an anatomical muscle contraction model, and advanced boundary conditions that can model the sliding of soft tissue over the skull. The flexibility of our approach enables detailed animations of gross and fine-scale soft-tissue movement to be easily produced with different muscle structures and material parameters, for example, to animate different aged skins. Although we focus on the forehead, our approach can be used to animate any multi-layered soft body

Metabolic assessment of a novel chronic myelogenous leukemic cell line and an imatinib resistant subline by 1H NMR spectroscopy

The goal of this study was to examine metabolic differences between a novel chronic myelogenous leukemic (CML) cell line, MyL, and a sub-clone, MyL-R, which displays enhanced resistance to the targeted Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was carried out on cell extracts and conditioned media from each cell type. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and specific metabolite identification and quantification were used to examine metabolic differences between the cell types. MyL cells showed enhanced glucose removal from the media compared to MyL-R cells with significant differences in production rates of the glycolytic end-products, lactate and alanine. Interestingly, the total intracellular creatine pool (creatine + phosphocreatine) was significantly elevated in MyL-R compared to MyL cells. We further demonstrated that the MyL-R cells converted the creatine to phosphocreatine using non-invasive monitoring of perfused alginate-encapsulated MyL-R and MyL cells by in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy and subsequent HPLC analysis of extracts. Our data demonstrated a clear difference in the metabolite profiles of drug-resistant and sensitive cells, with the biggest difference being an elevation of creatine metabolites in the imatinib-resistant MyL-R cells