Number of shared topic-vehicle significant features affects speakers’ preference for metaphorical expressions

This study examined whether the number of shared topic-vehicle significant features affects speakers’ preference for the use of metaphorical rather than literal expressions. Across five experiments, participants were asked to choose one expression that best paraphrased a given sentence from a list of options. The results of Experiments 1 and 5 showed that participants’ choice of metaphorical expression increased with greater numbers of shared topic-vehicle significant features in a given sentence. In Experiments 2 and 4, we found that the effect of the number of unshared features was smaller than that of shared significant features. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2 when metaphors were replaced with similes. Our results suggest that the number of topic-attributed features affects participants’ preference in the use of metaphorical expressions. Our results support the fundamental tenets of the inexpressibility hypothesis in the context of metaphor form preference

Role of Affect and Risk–Benefit Perception on Reckless Betting: Prior Wins and Losses Both Lead to Risky Bets

勝ちばかりでも、負けばかりでも、「無謀な賭け」につながる --望み薄なギャンブルに賭けてしまうのはなぜか？--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-10-20.People who have experienced many gambling wins tend to make larger bets even when they are unlikely to win (reckless betting) than those who have experienced many losses. This study examined psychological factors underlying reckless betting when gambling from the perspectives of affect and risk–benefit perception. University students (N = 63) participated in an experiment using the Acey-Deucey Task, in which the number of wins and losses during the 1st session was experimentally manipulated such that there were either 24, 12, or 6 wins out of 30 trials. Positive–negative affect and perceived risk–benefit during the task were assessed by self-report. Betting recklessness during the 2nd session was calculated using winning probability and bet size data in each trial. The results indicated that experiencing few prior wins, that is, many prior losses decreased positive affect and perceived benefits of betting and increased negative affect and perceived risks of betting. Path analysis results suggested that gambler's positive and negative affect altered perceived benefits of betting, which influenced reckless betting. Although participants that experienced more prior wins made more reckless bets similar to previous studies, there were no statistical differences between the three groups. Time-series analysis revealed that participants who experienced many prior losses made increasingly reckless bets at the end of the gambling task. We have discussed other potential variables that might have influenced recklessness, and the time-series analysis’ implications on reckless betting and loss-chasing

HOW DO JAPANESE PERCEIVE INDIVIDUALISM? EXAMINATION OF THE MEANING OF INDIVIDUALISM IN JAPAN

It has been suggested that individualistic systems have been recently employed in Japan, and Japanese people have become more individualistic. However, previous research suggested that such cultural changes have negative associations with interpersonal relationships and happiness for Japanese (Ogihara & Uchida, 2014). In the present research, to demonstrate a negative aspect of individualism in Japan, we examined the meaning of individualism which Japanese people hold. Japanese participants aged 16 to 69 reported their evaluation to the word "individualism" and their perception of an "individualistic person." We found that individualism was regarded as being neutral and ambivalent, including both the positive aspect of being "with independence and freedom" and the negative aspect of being "without positive interpersonal relationships." In contrast, participants predicted others' evaluation of individualism to be more negative than their own evaluation, since they presumed that others would not consider the positive aspect of independence and freedom

Effects of Cost and Benefit of Prosocial Behavior on Reputation

Prosocial behavior consists of a cost to the actor and a benefit of others. Previous studies have shown that prosocial actors generally receive positive social evaluations from observers. However, it is unknown how each component of prosocial behavior (i.e., cost and benefit) influences the two dimensions of person perception (i.e., warmth and competence). Thus, three studies investigated the independent effects of cost and benefit on the perceived warmth and competence of the actor. In Study 1, participants read a series of vignettes about a protagonist incurring a cost to benefit another individual and rated the warmth and competence of each protagonist. Although benefit enhanced both perceived warmth and competence, cost enhanced only perceived warmth. Studies 2a and 2b separately manipulated costs and benefits of prosocial behaviors in vignettes and confirmed the results of Study 1. Thus, this study demonstrated the independent effects of cost and benefit on person perception

Psychological Evaluation for Images/Videos Displayed using Large LED Display and Projector

[ICEC 2020]19th IFIP TC 14 International Conference, ICEC 2020, Xi'an, China, November 10–13, 2020, ProceedingsPart of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 12523)Display of images/videos on a big screen/display, such as digital signage, projection mapping, etc., is becoming popular in the area of entertainment, advertisement, and so on. A comparison of the usage of an LED display and a projector is important for such applications. We have prepared an experimental environment where two types of projection/display using a 200 inch LED display and a 200-inch screen and a projector. Also, two brightness conditions, light-on and light-off, and two types of contents, art content and text content were used for the experiment. Under a total of eight types of environments, we carried out a psychological experiment using 24 participants. Each subject filled a questionnaire based on a five-point semantic differential scale. Based on the analysis of the result, it was revealed that the combination of art content, light-off, and LED display gives far better results than other combinations

An Approach To Investigate Abstraction in Art Using AI and Psychological Experiment

[2022 International Conference for ADADA + CUMULUS] 26 - 27 November 2022, OnlineThe history of paintings began with drawing real objects such as landscapes. However, the relationship between artworks and real objects became unclear as time passed. As it is sometimes difficult for ordinary people to understand artworks, especially in the case of abstract paintings, it would be preferable to investigate the relationship between a specific artwork or art style and real objects. On the other hand, AI has made rapid progress in recent years, and new technologies, such as converting photographs into art-like images, called "style transfer, " have emerged. This paper challenges the approach of investigating abstraction in art by studying the relationship between artworks and real objects. We used the methodology of combining the AI style transfer function and psychological experiment

Evaluation of Art Style Using AI and Psychological Experiments

[ADADA+CUMULUS 2020 (International Conference for Asia Digital Art and Design 2020)] Fully Virtual Conference, 2020/12/14-16.GANs (Generative adversarial networks) is a new AI technology that has the capability of achieving transformation between two image sets. Using GANs we have carried out a comparison among several art sets with different art styles. We have prepared four image sets; a flower image set with Impressionism art style, one with the Western abstract art style, one with Chinese figurative art style, and one with the art style of Naoko Tosa, one of the authors. Using these four sets we have carried out a psychological experiment to evaluate the difference between these four sets. We have found that abstract drawings and figurative drawings are judged to be different, figurative drawings in West and East were judged to be similar, and Naoko Tosa’s artworks are similar to the Western abstract artworks

Reflected Light vs. Transmitted Light: Do They Give Different Impressions to Users?

[The 29th International Display Workshops(IDW’22)]Organizing: The Society for Information Display(SID), Date; 14-16 December 2022, Location: Fukuoka International Congress Center[第29回ディスプレイ国際ワークショップ(IDW’22)]主催: 映像情報メディア学会(ITE), 開催日: 2022年12月14日-16日, 会場: 福岡国際会議場The difference in information display between using a projector (reflected light) and a display (transmitted light) is an essential issue. Marshal McLuhan proposed in his book "Laws of Media" the well-known hypothesis that "reflected light makes people analytical and transmitted light makes them emotional." In this study, we matched the display conditions of the projector and display as much as possible. Then we presented the subjects with emotional content (landscape video) and analytical content (threedigit multiplication) and asked them to evaluate their experiences. As a result, we found no statistical difference between the projector and the display evaluations

The Effect of Art Content on Mental State Improvement: Insights for Disaster Situations

[IDRiM2022 Conference: The 12th International Conference of the International Society for the INTEGRATED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT] Online conference, 21-23 September 202