Outcome and significance of the RIDLS international conference on teacher educators

　本稿は，2016 年2 月8 日と11 日の両日，RIDLS の主催で開催された国際会議について，その成果と意義を報告するものである。本会議では，教師教育者の専門性開発の動向とSelf-Study の方法論について，Dr. Alicia R. Crowe とDr. Mieke Lunenberg が基調講演を行った。基調講演を受けて，広島大学のスタッフと大学院生が，日本の教師教育者の成長過程に関して実証的な事例報告を行った。基調講演と事例報告に対して，今関豊一，武田信子，木村優の三氏が政策・研究・実践の各立場からコメントを寄せるとともに，これからの研究課題について意見を述べた。本会議の意義は，第1 に，教師教育者の専門性に関して国際的に議論する我が国最初の機会となったこと，第2 に，議論を通じて「教師教育者の専門性」に関して複数の異なる立場・主張が確認されたことである。「教師教育者の専門性」に関しては，①教育学研究・実践を伝達する能力，②教育学研究・実践そのものの能力，③教育学研究・実践と教師教育を統合する能力，の3 つの類型を抽出することができた。This paper is a report on the outcome and significance of the international conference host by the Research Initiative for Developing Learning Systems (RIDLS) held on February 8th and 11th, 2016. Dr. Alicia R. Crowe and Dr. Mieke Lunenberg delivered keynote addresses on trends in the professional development of teacher educator and self-study methodologies. Following these addresses, the faculty and graduate students of Hiroshima University reported on their empirical case studies of the growth of teacher educators in Japan. In response, Toyokazu Imazeki, Nobuko Takeda, and Yu Kimura provided comments on the keynote addresses and case study reports from the perspectives of educational policy, research, and practice, and also gave their views on these topics. The significance of this conference was, first, that it was the first one that an international discussion on “teacher educators’ expertise” educator took place in Japan and, second, that the discussions identified many different viewpoints and arguments relating to “teacher educators’ expertise”. The conference elicited three aspects of tercher educator: (1) the ability to transmit educational research and practice, (2) the ability to carry out educational research and practices simultaneously, and (3) the ability to integrate educational research and practice with teacher education.「教師教育者の専門性」に関する国際シンポジウム（2016 年2 月8･11 日開催

How do Japanese teachers become teacher educators in higher education?

This article examines the challenges new teacher educators who newly entered the univcrstity face in establishing their identities and how to deal with those challenges. The data collected for whole study to analyze the tensions arising for ten teacher educators in their experience as teacher educators and this paper particularly focused on the two of them who showed smaller gap between teacher and teacher educators. This is because they would have a potential to provide the important suggestions for the support toward new teacher educators. We focused on the data from before they became teacher teachers, not only after they became teacher teachers as Lortie (1975) argued the “Apprenticeship of observation”, namely, education for teacher educators has already begun since they were the pre-service teachers. The findings of the study show that, the interviewee faced challenges about their three new roles, teachers of teachers, researchers and curriculum developers to establish their new professional identities. To tackle these challenges, they employed the professional network and communities which they had already participated in. From these findings, we suggested that meeting both of the challenges new teacher educators requires the third space which are placed between university and schools

Professional Development Theories of Teacher Educator: Drs A. Swennen and K. Smith

A theoretical composition is drawn for the professional development of teacher educators. In this study, we focused on Dr. Anja Swennen and Dr. Kari Smith, who are actively engaged in teacher education research. Dr. Swennen focused on the theory of professional development in internal disciplines and expects teacher educators to work on their own professional development. On the other hand, Dr. Smith explored the ability to prove theories based on external criteria and advocates the importance of systematic professional development. By absorbing their theories, we obtained the two suggestions for Japanese teacher education reform. First, it is necessary to nurture the expertise of teacher educators responsible for student teaching and beginning teachers’ training intentionally and systematically. Second, it is also necessary to position this expertise to nurture teachers in the qualities and abilities that should be cultivated in professional school for teacher education. From this perspective, we obtained a design for the professional development of teacher educators

Transformation and Growth of Geographers’ “Authentic Practice” : Comparative Studies on Geographers’ Researches Examining on the Same Region but Conducted by Different Generation

本研究は，専門科学者がおこなう「真正な実践」の解明に向けたシリーズ研究のうち，知識の社会領域の中でも地理学者の研究に注目し，「地理学者ならではの学びの過程とはどのようなものか」「その過程は，地理教師が教材研究として地理学論文を読み解く上でどのように活かすことができるか」を解明することを目的とする。そのために，時代の異なる２つのインド地域研究の成果報告書を対象に，（１）研究の目的と方法，（２）地域の選定，（３）記述のスタイルと構成を比較することで，地理学者の学びがどのように変化・成長しているのかの解明を試みた。分析の結果，以下のことが明らかになった。２つの時代の研究は，（１）地誌学研究のパラダイムの変化や時代の要請などをふまえて，研究の問題意識が，「農村地域の社会経済構造の把握」から「地域格差とそれを解消する条件の解明」へと変化・深化していること，（２）いずれも同じインド農村地域をフィールドに取り上げる点では共通するものの，継続的な調査活動による研究者同士・現地住民との人脈ネットワークの開拓によって，より主体的・目的合理的に調査地域を選定できるようになっていること，（３）対象地域で収集したデータの，集落の立地と形態，人口と社会，村の経済を窓とする画一的な記述から，地域を特徴づけるテーマに焦点化した構造的な説明へと変化していること。これらの３点が明らかとなった。またそこから，時代を越えて研究を継続的に修正・深化させる地理学者集団の学びの特質が示唆された。最後にこれらの成果をふまえて，同一地域の研究成果の時系列比較が，教科書記述の意図とコンテキストの理解には有益であることを指摘した。This study is part of a research series aimed at elucidating expert scientists’ “authentic practices,” and it focuses on the research of geographers in the social domains of knowledge. The study aims to highlight geographers’ learning processes and how geography teachers, after reading and understanding geography papers as educational materials, utilize them in their teaching practice. Therefore, using two final reports on research conducted on Indian regional studies by different generations of geographers, this study examines how the scholarship of geographers has developed and changed by comparing (1) perspective and methodology of research, (2) regional selection criteria, and (3) style and structuring of representation. The results of the analysis revealed the following. (1) The studies, conducted by two different generations of geographers, showed an evolving and deepening consciousness of problems in regional studies based on paradigm shifts in topographical research, generational axioms, and the like, from understanding rural socioeconomic structures to regional disparities and the conditions to eliminate them. (2) The researchers examined the same rural region of India in their fieldwork; however, they became progressively proficient at selecting survey areas more proactively, purposefully, and rationally due to the development of researchers’ personal communication networks with one another and with local populations owing to ongoing research activities. (3) Furthermore, due to these changes, they shifted from standard descriptions serving as a window on “a village’s location and shape, its people and society, and the village economy” provided by data collected in the target region, to structural descriptions focused on themes that characterized the region. The results suggest that a special characteristic of group of geographers’ learning are continuous revision and deepening of research beyond the generations. In conclusion, in accordance with these results, a time-series comparison of the research output on the same region has been shown to be beneficial in understanding the intentions and context of textbook descriptions

The development of lessons for socialstudies to foster global citizenship : Through learning of local autonomy to value judgments by the use of role-play

グローバルシティズンシップの育成には，世界的課題に向き合う市民性と，身近な地域における課題に向き合う市民性が必要である。その際，グローバルとローカルの乖離が大きな課題となる。両者をつなぎ，グローバルシティズンシップを育てるため，コミュニケーションツールとして概念を探究する学習が寄与すると考えた。そこで，概念についての価値判断を行うことによって，価値観を再構成する授業開発を行った。地方自治の単元で仮想の村落をめぐる地方創生について，ロールプレイを活用し，異なる価値観をすりあわせる形の協議を行わせた。ワークシートに書かれた生徒の記述から，おおむね地方自治を構成する概念を見いだせたことがわかった。In order to develop global citizenship, both the citizenship which is faced with global issues and the one which tackles our local issues is required. However, the problem is that both of them are very much separated from each other. In order to solve this problem, the authors suppose that learning conceptual-research as a communication tool will contribute to linking those two citizenship. For this reason, we develop lessons for reconstructing values by making value judgments about the concept. In the unit of local authority, we gave lessons about regional revitalization with the use of a virtual village. The students were asked to do a role-playing activity in which they had to discuss and reconcile different values. Judging from their worksheets, we found out that many of the students were able to realize concepts which constitute the local authority

A Framework for Controversial Issue Gatekeeping within Social Studies Education: The Case of Japan

This article addresses how social studies teachers in Japan might employ a framework for addressing controversial issues. This framework recognizes multiple and overlapping contexts for curriculum and instruction decision making, including the classroom, community, and society. It also categorizes the state of topics among five levels, ranging from deeply taboo, silenced and unknown to student, taboo, controversial, free discussion and deliberation, and settled with little or no disagreement. Finally, we submit recommendations for pre- and in- service teachers, teacher education departments, and educational policy makers to reconceptualize how they think about controversial issues in light of the essential democratic normative mandate to teach them

歴史学者がおこなう「真正な実践」の解明 : 歴史教師による自律的な教材研究に向けて

本研究は，専門科学者がおこなう「真正な実践」の解明に向けたシリーズ研究のうち，知識の社会領域の中でも歴史学者の研究に注目し，「歴史学者ならではの学習過程とはどのようなものか」「その学習過程は，歴史教師が教材研究をおこなう上でどのように活かすことが可能か」を解明することが目的である。そのために，歴史学論文の構成・構造分析と論文著者へのインタビューをもとに，歴史学者の研究過程とその背景を分析する。これを，歴史学者ならではの学びの過程として読み替えていく。本稿では，近世史の視点から近代史の研究課題に挑んだ2008年の論文「地租改正における地価決定と収穫高－広島県恵蘇郡奥門田村を事例として－」とその著者である歴史学者の中山富広を研究対象とした。結果，論文執筆に際しての研究過程は，「研究デザインの構築」「研究デザインに基づく実証研究」「研究デザインの省察と意義付け」という段階を経ていることが明らかになった。そして，論文執筆の背景にある学びとしては「研究経験」「専門領域や周辺領域に関する学界動向の学び」「他者との交流」「教育経験」という側面が確認できた。ここから学びとった概念や方法を，自分なりに再構成し，他の研究者共同体や自分の研究者共同体に適用するというアプローチが繰り返しおこなわれていた。以上を踏まえて，歴史学者の学習過程を理解する上で求められる視点として，「活用されている史料と解釈の対応関係を把握すること」「解釈を論文として説明する際に活用されている語彙の意味を理解すること」「論文の生成される文脈，研究史を学習すること」の３点を提案した。歴史学者の真正な学びとは，史料，史料を説明するための語彙，語彙を生み出す背景にある研究史に関わったものである。これらを読み解くことで，歴史教師は歴史学者の論文を深く理解し，教材研究に活かすことができる。The current study focused on a research study conducted by a historian, and aimed to understand “What are the aspects of learning process that are unique to historians?” and “How can we apply the processes to a history teacher’s reading of a history research paper for the purpose of teaching material studies?” For that purpose, the current manuscript analyzed the processes and the background of writing a history research paper through analyses of the composition and construction of a history paper and an interview with its author. Then, we attempted to translate this into a learning process unique to a history researcher. The current manuscript selected to study “Land Price Appraisal and Crop Harvest in Land Tax Reform: Case Study of Okumonde Village, Eso County, Hiroshima Prefecture,” a history research paper written in 2008 that examined a contemporary historical research topic of using a modern history viewpoint, authored by Dr. Tomihiro Nakayama. The analyses indicated that the research processes went through stages of “construction of a research design,” “empirical study based on the research design,” and “reflection on the research design and interpretation.” Beyond the paper writing, important skills also included “research experience,” “learning of the trends of the field and its associated fields,” “interaction with others,” and “teaching experience.” The history researcher reconstructed the concepts and methods from such learning in his own way, and applied the findings within his and colleagues’ research communities. Based on these findings, three viewpoints necessary in understanding the learning process of a historian included, “understanding of the relationship between historical resources and its interpretation,” “understanding of the vocabulary used in the paper that describes the interpretation of historical resources,” and “studying the context and research history that produced a particular research paper.” Authentic learning for a historian concerns historical resources, vocabulary to explain the resources, and research history that generated the vocabulary. By understanding these elements, a history teacher can attain deep understanding of a history research paper and apply it to studying of teaching materials

How Researcher-Teacher Collaborative Lesson Development is Formed : Focusing on an Initiative Concerning Geography-Related Subjects in Junior High School Social Studies

The purpose of this paper focuses on the forming condition and its effect of collaborative lesson design between a teacher and two researchers, through Self-Study Methodology. As a result, we clarified main two things as following. The first thing is the differences between the roles of each person in collaborative relationship. In case of the teacher, the role was the make a decision based on feasibility of lesson. In case of the researcher A, the role was to guide the teacher to a certain direction. In case of the researcher B, the roles were to suggest more directions to the teacher than the researcher A, and to regulate among the three including oneself. The second thing is the forming condition of collaboration between research and teacher. We had reflected the teacher`s lessons more than five times. By doing that, we could understand each other`s educational view and bridge the gap of their views about lesson design. This implies that keeping reflection is helpful for better collaborative relationship. Each person recognized different effect from the collaboration. The teacher got a new perspective about lesson design. The researcher A reflected about collaboration process with the teacher. Finally, the researcher B renewed the concept about the desirable relationship between researcher and teacher

Graduate Teaching Assistant Work as a Learning System and its Significance : The Lessons of Chris Park’s Article for Pedagogy Researchers and Teacher Educators

本研究は，①大学院生は，GTAとしてどのようなつまずきに直面するのか，②つまずきの克服は，どのような仕組みで支援することが可能か，③とくに教科教育学を専門とする大学院生にとって，GTAの経験はどのような意味を持つのか，を解明することを目的とする。この問いを解くために，クリス・パーク (Chris Park) が執筆した “The Graduate Teaching Assistant (GTA)：Lessons from North American Experience.” 「大学院生ティーチング・アシスタント (GTA)－北米の経験からの教訓－」を検討する。本論文は，2014年9月，シェリー・フィールドがRIDLS主催の講演会に登壇した際，北米のGTA研究の動向を概観できる有益な資料として紹介したもので，事実，多くの先行研究者が引用，参照する包括的なレビューとなっている。そこで本稿では，パーク論文を解題することで，上の問いにアプローチすることとした。パーク論文の分析から明らかになったのは，以下の3点である。①大学院生は，GTAとして，「他者との関係構築」「研究と教育の時間配分」「知識や経験の不足」「自分とは異なる多様な考えに開かれた姿勢を示すこと」でつまずく傾向にある。②GTAが直面する困難を克服するプログラムは，GTA制度に他ならない。そのためのGTAプログラムは，研究者・教育者のコミュニティへの正統的周辺参加の機会を提供するものでなくてはならない。また首尾一貫した「選定と養成」「トレーニング」「指導・助言とメンタリング」の仕組みづくりが要求される。③GTAの経験は，教育者（教員養成者）としての資質・能力に限らず，研究者ならびに教育者（教員研修者）としての資質・能力を高める契機ともなる。教育者と研究者それぞれの方法論が深く分かちがたく結びついている教科教育学を専門とする大学院生にとって，GTAとしての学びには一定の効果が期待できる。This study aims to elucidate (1)the setbacks graduate students face as Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs), (2)the mechanisms through which overcoming these setbacks is possible, and (3)the meaning of the GTA experience, particularly for graduate students specializing in subject education. To answer these questions, we consider Chris Park’s article “The Graduate Teaching Assistant (GTA): Lessons from North American Experience.” This study was introduced by Sherry Field when she took the podium at the RIDLS lecture meeting as a beneficial reference that provides an overview of North American trends in GTA research. Indeed, it is a comprehensive review that has been quoted and consulted by many previous studies. Thus, for this study we decided to approach the above questions by reviewing Park’s article. The following three points became clear from this analysis. First, as GTAs, graduate students tend to suffer setbacks in terms of constructing relationships with others, allocating time between research and education, inadequate knowledge and experience, and demonstrating an open attitude toward diverse ideas that differ from their own. Second, it is none other than the GTA system itself that can overcome difficulties GTAs face. A GTA program for this purpose must offer opportunities for legitimate peripheral participation in a community of researchers and educators. Furthermore, there is need for coherent selection and preparation, training, and supervision and mentoring mechanisms. Third, the GTA experience is an opportunity for heightening not only capacities and abilities as educators (teacher trainers), but capacities as researchers and educators (teachers in training). For graduate students specializing in subject education (one in which the methodologies of educators and researchers are closely connected), learning as a GTA can be expected to be effective.本論文は，Theory and Research for Developing Learning Systems, Vol.1 所収の英語論文 “Graduate Teaching Assistant Work as a Learning System and its Significance” の日本語訳論文である