BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Wpływ łączonej bioakumulacji fluoru i siarki na zawartość chlorofilu w igłach wybranych drzew rosnących na terenach Polski Południowej

It was the fluorine (F), sulfur (S) and chlorophyll (Chl) content that was determined in the needles of conifer species: European spruce (Picea abies), Colorado spruce (Picea pungens), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) and Common silver (Abies alba). The materials were collected in the regions located in the vicinity of steel and power engineering industry impact and in a place situated in a non-industrial area. The obtained results were analyzed from the viewpoint of the relationships between the S, F and chlorophyll content. From the findings, it appears that, accumulation of F and S in needles only in case of Scots pine has been accompanied by more evident decrease in the Chl content. In the case of remaining conifer species increased accumulation of F and S in older needles did not influence the Chl content therein.Zawartość siarki (S) i fluoru (F) oraz chlorofilu (Chl) oznaczano w igłach świerka pospolitego (Picea abies), świerka kłującego (Picea pungens), sosny pospolitej (Pinus syhestris) i jodły pospolitej (Abies alba). Materiał do badań pobierano w miejscowości Strzemieszyce, Ustroń Polana (Beskid Śląski) i Zebrzydowice (powiat cieszyński) znajdujących się w strefach oddziaływania zanieczyszczeń z ośrodków przemysłowych Polski i zanieczyszczeń transgranicznych oraz w miejscowości Brzeźna położonej koło Nowego Sącza. Uzyskane wyniki analizowano z punktu widzenia zależności pomiędzy zawartością S i F i zawartością chlorofilu w igłach. Spośród badanych gatunków drzew iglastych jedynie w przypadku igieł sosny pospolitej stwierdzono zmniejszenie zawartości chlorofilu związane z akumulacją F i S

Soil Water Retention as Affected by Management Induced Changes of Soil Organic Carbon: Analysis of Long-Term Experiments in Europe

Soil water retention (SWR) is an important soil property related to soil structure, texture, and organic matter (SOM), among other properties. Agricultural management practices affect some of these properties in an interdependent way. In this study, the impact of management-induced changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) on SWR is evaluated in five long-term experiments in Europe (running from 8 up to 54 years when samples were taken). Topsoil samples (0-15 cm) were collected and analysed to evaluate the effects of three different management categories, i.e., soil tillage, the addition of exogenous organic materials, the incorporation of crop residues affecting SOC and water content under a range of matric potentials. Changes in the total SOC up to 10 g C kg(-1) soil (1%) observed for the different management practices, do not cause statistically significant differences in the SWR characteristics as expected. The direct impact of the SOC on SWR is consistent but negligible, whereas the indirect impact of SOC in the higher matric potentials, which are mainly affected by soil structure and aggregate composition, prevails. The different water content responses under the various matric potentials to SOC changes for each management group implies that one conservation measure alone has a limited effect on SWR and only a combination of several practices that lead to better soil structure, such as reduced soil disturbances combined with increased SOM inputs can lead to better water holding capacity of the soil