Song patterns: elementary book for violin

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThe purpose of this thesis is to present certain concepts and the necessary materials which will lead toward the development of a thorough foundation for the beginner. This purpose is not new, for it is the intent of any violin method to develop the playing ability of the student, but the approach used is unique in the opinion of the author. An introduction is made by the use of open string double-stops. With the use of double stops, the pupil has a double means of control. He must not only hear two pitches sounding simultaneously, but must also see that his bow is in contact with two strings at all times. He must maintain a steady movement of the bow arm on the same plane from the frog to the tip of the bow. The resulting bow movement should be free, firm and steady. The introduction of spiccato and staccato to a pupil at this beginning period, is made to bring about a feeling of familiarity with the instrument and a certain degree of control of the bow. From this point on the emphasis is placed on ear training. The correct placement of the third finger of the left hand is determined by adjustment until a perfect octave is formed with the adjacent lower string. With pupils whose hands are fairly well developed in size, the next step will be the placement of the fourth finger in correct position to form a perfect unison with the adjacent higher string. After the correct position is found for the third finger, the second finger is placed on the string close to the third thus forming Fa and Mi. Re and Do are introduced by using the first finger and the open string in that order. The formation of the tetrachord by placing fingers 3, 2, 1 and the open string gives us the basis of the entire text. The tetrachord is given in five positions so that the pupil becomes familiar with the key of C, G, D, A, E, B, F, Bb, Eb and Ab. Nevertheless, the tonal pattern of the tetrachord and the relationship within the four tones of the group remains the same in every key. The pupil has experienced in his schoolroom vocal study the pattern Fa-Mi-Re-Do. He is able to recognize it and when necessary sing it. He is able to determine the placement of each finger on the fingerboard by remembering that only those fingers used to play the third and fourth steps of the tetrachord will be placed in a close position. There is no mention made of high or low finger positions. The placement of each finger is determined aurally. The rhythmic development parallels the melodic. As each new position of the tetrachord is mastered a new rhythmic problem is introduced. The pupil becomes familiar with quarter, half, dotted-half, whole, eighth, dotted quarter, sixteenth notes, their corresponding rests and six-eight time, in the order mentioned. The author has given no bowing indications for a very definite reason. He has felt that an introduction to bowing and slurring can be made after the problems in this method have been mastered. He feels that there will be no great handicap if this introduction is postponed until that time. He has intended to stress good intonation and its development as the primary objective. With the exception of "America" every song used is a folksong, The songs used are all very melodic, a majority of them familiar and all of a type within a young pupils range of appeal and interest. They have been placed in the text, and in a few instances altered for use with a particular problem. The find feature is also instrumental in making this text unusual. Each song is repeated in many ways. It is presented on different strings so that it is played in a new key each time, yet the finger pattern of the tetrachord remains the same on each string. The songs are also used for review purposes. After a song is mastered in the new pattern, it is presented in the key of one of the pattern previously learned, thus providing a bridge between the new and the old

Landau-Khalatnikov phonon damping in strongly interacting Fermi gases

We derive the phonon damping rate due to the four-phonon Landau-Khalatnikov process in low temperature strongly interacting Fermi gases using quantum hydrodynamics, correcting and extending the original calculation of Landau and Khalatnikov [ZhETF, 19 (1949) 637]. Our predictions can be tested in state-of-the-art experiments with cold atomic gases in the collisionless regime.Comment: 7 pages, final versio

EPR-entangled Bose-Einstein condensates in state-dependent potentials: a dynamical study

We study generation of non-local correlations by atomic interactions in a pair of bi-modal Bose-Einstein Condensates in state-dependent potentials including spatial dynamics. The wave-functions of the four components are described by combining a Fock state expansion with a time-dependent Hartree-Fock Ansatz, so that both the spatial dynamics and the local and non-local quantum correlations are accounted for. We find that despite the spatial dynamics, our protocole generates enough non-local entanglement to perform an EPR steering experiment with two spatially separated con-densates of a few thousands of atoms

Liliha (ca. 1800-1839): an annotated bibliography

Paper submitted for LIS 687, University of Hawaii Manoa, School of Library and Information Studies

Damping of elementary excitations in one-dimensional dipolar Bose gases

In the presence of dipolar interactions the excitation spectrum of a Bose gas can acquire a local minimum. The corresponding quasiparticles are known as rotons. They are gaped and do not decay at zero temperature. Here we study the decay of rotons in one-dimensional Bose gases at low temperatures. It predominantly occurs due to the backscattering of thermal phonons on rotons. The resulting rate scales with the third power of temperature and is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the roton gap near the solidification phase transition. The hydrodynamic approach used here enables us to find the decay rate for quasiparticles at practically any momenta, with minimal assumptions on the exact form of the interparticle interactions. Our results are an essential prerequisite for the description of all the dissipative phenomena in dipolar gases and have direct experimental relevance.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Three-phonon and four-phonon interaction processes in a pair-condensed Fermi gas

We study the interactions among phonons and the phonon lifetime in a pair-condensed Fermi gas in the BEC-BCS crossover in the collisionless regime. To compute the phonon-phonon coupling amplitudes we use a microscopic model based on a generalized BCS Ansatz including moving pairs, which allows for a systematic expansion around the mean field BCS approximation of the ground state. We show that the quantum hydrodynamic expression of the amplitudes obtained by Landau and Khalatnikov apply only on the energy shell, that is for resonant processes that conserve energy. The microscopic model yields the same excitation spectrum as the Random Phase Approximation, with a linear (phononic) start and a concavity at low wave number that changes from upwards to downwards in the BEC-BCS crossover. When the concavity of the dispersion relation is upwards at low wave number, the leading damping mechanism at low temperature is the Beliaev-Landau process 2 phonons $\leftrightarrow$ 1 phonon while, when the concavity is downwards, it is the Landau-Khalatnikov process 2 phonons $\leftrightarrow$ 2 phonons. In both cases, by rescaling the wave vectors to absorb the dependence on the interaction strength, we obtain a universal formula for the damping rate. This universal formula corrects and extends the original analytic results of Landau and Khalatnikov [ZhETF {\bf 19}, 637 (1949)] for the $2\leftrightarrow2$ processes in the downward concavity case. In the upward concavity case, for the Beliaev 1$\leftrightarrow$ 2 process for the unitary gas at zero temperature, we calculate the damping rate of an excitation with wave number $q$ including the first correction proportional to $q^7$ to the $q^5$ hydrodynamic prediction, which was never done before in a systematic way.Comment: in english (published version except for single column presentation, 44 pages) and in french (35 pages, double column