Modeling the Local Warm/Hot Bubble

In this paper we review the modeling of the Local Bubble (LB) with special emphasis on the progress we have made since the last major conference "The Local Bubble and Beyond (I)" held in Garching in 1997. Since then new insight was gained into the possible origin of the LB, with a moving group crossing its volume during the last 10 - 15 Myr being most likely responsible for creating a local cavity filled with hot recombining gas. Numerical high resolution 3D simulations of a supernova driven inhomogeneous interstellar medium show that we can reproduce both the extension of the LB and the OVI column density in absorption measured with FUSE for a LB age of 13.5 - 14.5 Myr. We further demonstrate that the LB evolves like an ordinary superbubble expanding into a density stratified medium by comparing analytical 2D Kompaneets solutions to NaI contours, representing the extension of the local cavity. These results suggest that LB blow-out into the Milky Way halo has occurred roughly 5 Myr ago.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the proceedings of "The Local Bubble and Beyond II", Philadelphia, USA, April 21-24, 200

First total synthesis and structural confirmation of C13-Butylrubber Oligomers

The first total synthesis of an important C13 butylrubber oligomer is reported. The structure of the oligomer, which is an important and potentially toxic extractable and leachable component of elastomeric closures, is confirmed by synthesis for the first time. The method described is scalable, making large quantities of the oligomer available for the first time for AMES toxicity studies. The challenging synthesis commences with isophorone and the key steps of the synthesis involve the development of highly novel dithoacetal chemistry, cuprate addition and Tebbe olefination

Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A First Look

We present an overview of the Chandra ACIS Survey of M33 (ChASeM33): A Deep Survey of the Nearest Face-on Spiral Galaxy. The 1.4 Ms survey covers the galaxy out to R \approx 18\arcmin (\approx 4 kpc). These data provide the most intensive, high spatial resolution assessment of the X-ray source populations available for the confused inner regions of M33. Mosaic images of the ChASeM33 observations show several hundred individual X-ray sources as well as soft diffuse emission from the hot interstellar medium. Bright, extended emission surrounds the nucleus and is also seen from the giant \hii regions NGC 604 and IC 131. Fainter extended emission and numerous individual sources appear to trace the inner spiral structure. The initial source catalog, arising from $\sim$~2/3 of the expected survey data, includes 394 sources significant at the $3\sigma$ confidence level or greater, down to a limiting luminosity (absorbed) of $\sim$1.6\ergs{35} (0.35 -- 8.0 keV). The hardness ratios of the sources separate those with soft, thermal spectra such as supernova remnants from those with hard, non-thermal spectra such as X-ray binaries and background active galactic nuclei. Emission extended beyond the Chandra point spread function is evident in 23 of the 394 sources. Cross-correlation of the ChASeM33 sources against previous catalogs of X-ray sources in M33 results in matches for the vast majority of the brighter sources and shows 28 ChASeM33 sources within 10\arcsec of supernova remnants identified by prior optical and radio searches. This brings the total number of such associations to 31 out of 100 known supernova remnants in M33.Comment: accepted for publication ApJS, full resolution images and complete tables available at http://hea-www.harvard.edu/vlp_m33_public

Theory of relaxation oscillations in semiconductor quantum dot lasers

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 101107 (2006) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2346224.A microscopic approach combining rate equations for photon and electron/hole occupations with kinetic equations for Coulomb scattering rates involving quantum dot and wetting layer states in InAs∕GaAs quantum dot lasers is presented. The authors find strong damping of relaxation oscillations on a picosecond to nanosecond time scale depending on the type of the initial perturbation, similar to the damping observed in experiments by various groups. They show that the Coulomb interaction is crucial for an understanding of this characteristic strong damping

Hybrid mode-locking in a 40 GHz monolithic quantum dot laser

This work studies experimentally and theoretically a monolithic two-section hybrid mode-locked quantum dot laser with periodically modulated reverse bias applied to the saturable absorber section. Experimental investigations have been carried out with a 40 GHz QD-MLL (quantum dot mode-locked lasers) module, comprising a standard single mode fiber pigtail and a microwave port. It is based on a two-section QD laser diode having a 4 mum wide ridge waveguide structure. A theoretical model of a quantum dot laser is based on a set of delay differential equations governing the time evolution of the electric field envelope, carrier densities in the wetting layers and occupation probabilities of the quantum dots in the gain absorber sections.SCOPUS: cp.pThe European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO_Europe 2009; Munich; Germany; 14 June 2009 through 19 June 2009info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The Holocaust Chronicle

The complete full-text of a seminal book for Holocaust studies, The Holocaust Chronicle. The site contains every word of the main text, as well as the index and all of the images from the print edition. The information within was gathered and fact-checked by top Holocaust scholars, and covers everything 1933-1945, beginning with the restrictive laws passed when Hitler took power to the deaths of at least six million Jews, Gypsies, Freemasons, homosexuals, Jehovah\u27s Witnesses, prisoners of war, Communists, and others.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/history_books/1000/thumbnail.jp

TanDEM-X elevation model data for canopy height and aboveground biomass retrieval in a tropical peat swamp forest

It was demonstrated in the past that radar data is useful to estimate aboveground biomass due to their interferometric capability. Therefore, the potential of a globally available TanDEM-X digital elevation model (DEM) was investigated for aboveground biomass estimation via canopy height models (CHMs) in a tropical peat swamp forest. However, CHMs based on X-band interferometers usually require external terrain models. High accurate terrain models are not available on global scale. Therefore, an approach exclusively based on TanDEM-X and the decrease of accuracy compared to an approach utilizing a high accurate terrain model is assessed. In addition, the potential of X-band interferometric heights in tropical forests needs to be evaluated. Therefore, two CHMs were derived from an intermediate TanDEM-X DEM (iDEM; as a precursor for WorldDEMTM) alone and in combination with lidar measurements used as terrain model. The analysis showed high accuracies (root mean square error [RMSE] = 5 m) for CHMs based on iDEM and reliable estimation of aboveground biomass. The iDEM CHM, exclusively based on TanDEM-X, achieved a poor R2 of 0.2, nonetheless resulted in a cross-validated RMSE of 54 t ha−1 (16%). The low R2 suggested that the X-band height alone was not sufficient to estimate an accurate CHM, and thus the need for external terrain models was confirmed. A CHM retrieved from the difference of iDEM and an accurate lidar terrain model achieved a considerably higher correlation with aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.68) and low cross-validated RMSE of 24.5 t ha−1 (7.5%). This was higher or comparable to other aboveground biomass estimations in tropical peat swamp forests. The potential of X-band interferometric heights for CHM and biomass estimation was thus confirmed in tropical forest in addition to existing knowledge in boreal forests.</p