Value Chain Analysis of Coconut in Orissa

Coconut crop forms an important constituent of food basket of the people of Orissa and meets the economic needs of people dependent on its marketing. The study conducted in five coastal districts of Orissa, namely, Puri, Cuttack, Khurda, Ganjam, and Jagatsinghpur has examined the market chains for coconut to find the flow of product from farmers through different intermediaries to the consumers. Prices and market margins have been computed at the different stages of the chain in order to reflect the value addition through various participants of the chain. Marketing channels have been found to be well established in the state, particularly in the coastal areas. No major value addition is done by the players at any level. The existence of functional channels explains that production and marketing system of coconut in the state can manage both increased supply and increased demand. The study has observed a high ratio of vendors v/s farmers and aggregators v/s vendors in the channel. In spite of this high ratio, both vendors and aggregators are able to earn profit and are continuing the business. It is suggested that coconut based industries should be jointly promoted by state industry department, state agriculture department and Coconut Development Board.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Practically feasible robust quantum money with classical verification

We introduce a private quantum money scheme with the note verification procedure based on Sampling Matching, a problem in the one-way communication complexity model introduced by Kumar et al.[Nature Communications 10, Article number: 4152]. Our scheme involves a Bank that produces and distributes quantum notes, noteholders who are untrusted and trusted local verifiers of the Bank to whom the holders send their notes in order to carry out transactions. The key aspects of our money scheme include: note verification procedure requiring a single round classical interaction between the local verifier and Bank; fixed verification circuit that uses only passive linear optical components; re-usability of each note in our scheme which grows linearly with the size of note, and an unconditional security against any adversary trying to forge the banknote while tolerating the noise of up to 21.4%. We further describe a practical implementation technique of our money scheme using weak coherent states of light and the verification circuit involving a single 50/50beam splitter and 2 single-photon threshold detectors. Previous best-known matching based money scheme proposal [AA17] involves a verification circuit where the number of optical components increase proportionally to the increase in desired noise tolerance (robustness). In contrast, we achieve any desired noise tolerance (up to a maximal threshold value) with only a fixed number of optical components. This considerable reduction of components in our scheme enables us to reach the robustness values that are not feasible for any existing money scheme with the current technology.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure