SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH MALONATE: DEVELOPMENT OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ACECLOFENAC BY 23 FACTORIAL DESIGNS

Objective: The aim of the research work is to develop a new superdisintegrant (starch malonate) which can help in enhancing the solubility and drug dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. Hence, starch malonate (new superdisintegrant) was prepared and has been evaluated for its superdisintegrant property by incorporating it into fast dissolving tablets of Aceclofenac. Methods: Superdisintegrant was developed by using esterification reaction. Prepared starch malonate was then subjected for different characterization tests (solubility, pH, melting point, swelling index, FTIR, DSC studies. 23 factorial design method was used to formulate fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac employing starch malonate. Two known superdisintegrants croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone have been used along with starch malonate in combinations to develop fast dissolving tablets. Prepared tablets were then subjected to different tests for tablets like hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution studies. A stability study was performed to determine the stability of the formulation. Design expert study was conducted to know the interaction between different superdisintegrants and to select best optimized formulation in among all formulations. Results: Starch malonate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder, insoluble in aqueous and organic solvents. Tablets of all formulations were of excellent quality concerning drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.8-4.2 kg/cm2), and friability (less than 0.15%). In all formulations, formulation F2 found to be optimized formulation with least disintegration time 38 S, less wetting time 17±0.08 s and enhanced percent dissolved rate in 5 min i.e., 99.84% as compared to other formulations. Conclusion: From this it was concluded that starch malonate can be used as a novel superdisintegrant to enhance the drug dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. Optimized formulation F2 showed enhanced drug dissolution at 5% concentration as compared to other formulation and showed least disintegration time and enhanced drug dissolution as compared to other formulations and pure drug

DESIGN, OPTIMISATION AND EVALUATION OF PIROXICAM FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS EMPLOYING STARCH TARTRATE-A NEW SUPERDISINTEGRANT

Objective: To enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs by evaluating starch tartrate as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets by employing 23 factorial design. Methods: Starch tartrate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The physical and micromeritic properties were performed to evaluate the synthesized starch tartrate. The fast dissolving tablets of piroxicam were prepared by using starch tartrate as a superdisintegrant in different proportions by direct compression technique using 23 factorial design. The drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first-order rate constant (K1) were used in the evaluation of prepared fast dissolving tablets. Results: The superdisintegrant starch tartrate prepared was found to be fine, free-flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch tartrate exhibited good swelling in water. The study between piroxicam and starch tartrate was shown the absence of interaction by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug content (99.83±0.56 %), hardness (3.7–3.9 kg/sq. Cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%) have been effective with regard to all the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch tartrate. The disintegration time of all the formulated fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) was found to be in the range of 12±0. 01 to 4500±0.02s. The optimized formulation F6 has the least disintegration time i.e., 12±0. 01s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 35±0.09 to 1624±0.02s. The In–Vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F6. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 60±0.12 to 65±0.15%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F6 was found to be 99.32±0.09% in 10 min. Conclusion: The dissolution efficiency of piroxicam was enhanced when starch tartrate was found to be a superdisintegrant when combined with crospovidone and, hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 10 min

Proteins and Peptide Drugs: Different Routes of Administration for Their Delivery

Proteins and peptides have the wide range of therapeutic agents emerged within and the administration is through needle and syringe i.e., parenteral delivery is the choice of route of administration, but it has drawn some drawback related to patient incompliance such as causing pain during administration, sterility and cost of the product though the bioavailability is 100%. The route of administration plays an important role as it have an impact on the therapeutic outcome of the drug, with the advancement in the branch of pharmaceutical biotechnology. Based on the biophysical and biochemical properties a delivery system was designed for protein and peptide based therapeutic and clinical application have come into existence through non-invasive delivery and in addition, this dosage form can be significantly self-administered by patients, manufacturing cost would be less compared to the injections. The main aim is to focus in this review article is the recent advances in the delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides via different non-invasive routes and the barriers affecting the drug transportation, approaches, advantages, challenges. Keywords: Non-invasive drug delivery, therapeutic proteins and peptides, non-invasive routes

Seeing the Unseen: The REVEAL protocol to expose the wireless Man-in-the-Middle

A Man-in-the-Middle (MiM) can collect over-the-air packets whether from a mobile or a base station, process them, possibly modify them, and forward them to the intended receiver. This paper exhibits the REVEAL protocol that can detect a MiM, whether it has half duplex capability, full duplex capability, or double full duplex capability. Protocol is based on synchronizing clocks between the mobile and the base station, with the MiM being detected if it interferes in the synchronization process. Once synchronized, the REVEAL protocol creates a sequence of challenge packets where the transmission times of the packets, their durations, and their frequencies, are chosen to create conflicts at the MiM, and make it impossible for the MiM to function. We implement the REVEAL protocol for detecting a MiM in 4G technology. We instantiate a MiM between the 4G/5G base station and a mobile, and exhibit the successful detection mechanisms. With the shared source code, our work can be reproduced using open software defined cellular networks with off-the-shelf device

OPTIMIZATION OF STATISTICALLY DESIGNED ACECLOFENAC FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS EMPLOYING STARCH GLUTAMATE AS A NOVEL SUPERDISINTEGRANT

Objective: To optimize aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets employing starch glutamate as novel superdisintegrant by 23factorial design to improve bioavailability and enhance patient compliance. Methods: Starch glutamate was prepared by the esterification process. Starch glutamate physical and micromeritics properties had been evaluated and the prepared starch glutamate was used as a superdisintegrant for the formulation of the fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac by direct compression method and optimized by employing 23factorial design. The prepared aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets were evaluated for post compression parameters as well as in vitro and in vivo release characteristics. Optimized formulation stability studies were performed at accelerated conditions for 6 mo as per ICH and WHO guidelines. Results: The prepared starch glutamate was amorphous, insoluble in aqueous and organic solvents were tested. Fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac were formulated by employing starch glutamate as a superdisintegrant showed good tablet properties and showed an increased dissolution efficiency of the drug. Among all the formulations (F1 to F8), the formulation F8 containing 5% concentration of starch glutamate, croscarmellose sodium and, crospovidone as a superdisintegrants showed 99.7±0.15% of drug release within 5 min. Whereas the formulation F2 containing 5% concentration of starch glutamate, drug release characters were comparable to the formulation F8. Optimized formulation F2 attained peak plasma concentration within a short period and showed increased relative bioavailability of the drug. Conclusion: From the physical properties, disintegration time, in vitro dissolution studies and pharmacokinetic studies, it was concluded that fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac tablets formulated by employing starch glutamate as a superdisintegrant enhanced the dissolution efficiency and improved the bioavailability of the drug as compared to the pure drug and stable

ANDROID - ARM BASED SWITCH CONTROL USING SMART PHONE

The main idea behind this proposal is to provide an ease off access to the user by providing full control over his/her entire home. Due to modern city life we never find time to check any of our electric appliances, switches, thermostats, air conditioners and so on, whether they are regularly switched off when not in use. This results in Energy wastage, security risk, and eventually leads to stress. In our method we suggest an ease off method by using an Android phone with minimal power specifications

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF STARCH XANTHATE AS A SUPERDISINTEGRANT IN THE FORMULATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS

Objective: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate starch xanthate as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets by employing 23 factorial design.Methods: Starch xanthate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The physical and micromeritic properties were performed to evaluate the synthesized starch xanthate. The fast dissolving tablet of ibuprofen was prepared by employing starch xanthate as a superdisintegrant in different proportions in each case by direct compression method using 23 factorial design. The drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant (K1) were used in the evaluation of prepared fast dissolving tablets.Results: The starch xanthate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch xanthate exhibited good swelling in water. The study between ibuprofen and starch xanthate was shown the absence of interaction by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%) has been effective with regard to all the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch xanthate. The disintegration time of all the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 12±0.01 to 312±0.02s. The optimized formulation F5 has the least disintegration time i.e., 12±0.01s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 76±0.21 to 217±0.17s. The In vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F5. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 16±0.16 to 174±0.21%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F5 was found to be 99.83±0.56% in 5 min.Conclusion: The dissolution efficiency of ibuprofen was enhanced when starch xanthate was found to be a superdisintegrant when combined with sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and, hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 5 min