Priprava i vrednovanje šumećih plutajućih tableta tizanidin hidroklorida

Tizanidine hydrochloride is an orally administered prokinetic agent that facilitates or restores motility throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present investigation was to develop effervescent floating matrix tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride for prolongation of gastric residence time in order to overcome its low bioavailability (3440 %) and short biological half life (4.2 h). Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method, using different viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M and K100M). Tablets were evaluated for various physical parameters and floating properties. Further, tablets were studied for in vitro drug release characteristics in 12 hours. Drug release from effervescent floating matrix tablets was sustained over 12 h with buoyant properties. DSC study revealed that there is no drug excipient interaction. Based on the release kinetics, all formulations best fitted the Higuchi, first-order model and non-Fickian as the mechanism of drug release. Optimized formulation (F9) was selected based on the similarity factor (f2) (74.2), dissolution efficiency at 2, 6 and 8 h, and t50 (5.4 h) and was used in radiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. In vivo X-ray studies in human volunteers showed that the mean gastric residence time was 6.2 ± 0.2 h.Tizanidin hidroklorid je prokinetički agens za peroralnu primjenu koji olakšava ili obnavlja mobilnost kroz gastrointestinalni trakt. Cilj rada bio je razvoj šumećih plutajućih matriksnih tableta tizanidin hidroklorida za produljenje zadržavanja u želucu u svrhu poboljšanja niske bioraspoloživosti (3440 %) i produljenja vremena poluživota (4,2 h). Tablete su pripravljene metodom izravne kompresije, koristeći hidroksipropil metilcelulozu različite viskoznosti (HPMCK4M, K15M i K100M). Određeni su različiti fizikalni parametri. Oslobađanje ljekovite tvari in vitro bilo je polagano tijekom 12 sati, a tablete su imale svojstvo plutanja. Prema DSC ispitivanja nema interakcije s pomoćnim tvarima. Kinetička ispitivanja pokazuju da oslobađanje iz svih pripravaka slijedi Higuchijev model, kinetiku prvog reda i ne-Fickov zakon. Na temelju faktora sličnosti (f2) (74,2), oslobađanja ljekovite tvari nakon 2, 6 i 8 h, te vremena poluživota t50 (5,4 h) izabrana je optimirana formulacija (F9) i upotrebljena u radiografičkim ispitivanjima koja uključuju BaSO4. In vivo ispitivanja rendgenskim zrakama na dobrovoljcima pokazala su da je srednje vrijeme zadržavanja u želucu bilo 6,2 ± 0,2 h

Bacterial laccases: some recent advances and applications

Laccases belong to the large family of multi-copper oxidases (MCOs) that couple the one-electron oxidation of substrates with the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Because of their high relative non-specific oxidation capacity particularly on phenols and aromatic amines as well as the lack of requirement for expensive organic cofactors, they have found application in a large number of biotechnological fields. The vast majority of studies and applications were performed using fungal laccases, but bacterial laccases show interesting properties such as optimal temperature above 50 °C, optimal pH at the neutral to alkaline range, thermal and chemical stability and increased salt tolerance. Additionally, bacterial systems benefit from a wide range of molecular biology tools that facilitates their engineering and achievement of high yields of protein production and set-up of cost-effective bioprocesses. In this review we will provide up-to-date information on the distribution and putative physiological role of bacterial laccases and highlight their distinctive structural and biochemical properties, discuss the key role of copper in the biochemical properties, discuss thermostability determinants and, finally, review biotechnological applications with a focus on catalytic mechanisms on phenolics and aromatic amines.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Computed Tomographic findings in Patients with Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: A Case Series

Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia (CFD) is a rare developmental non inheritable, non neoplastic fibro-osseous disease of the bone, which can be monostotic or polyostotic. The term CFD is used to describe FD where the lesions are confined to contiguous bones of the craniofacial skeleton. This is a case series of 18 patients with features of FD in facial and skull bones on Computed Tomography (CT). CT findings of CFD in relation to lesion location, number, appearance, and gender of the patient were documented. Out of the 18 patients, 10 were males and eight were females. The mean age was 36.4 years with a range of 13 to 77 years. Single bone involvement was seen in 15 patients, and multiple bone involvement was seen in three patients. Among the cases with single bone involvement, the ethmoid bone was involved in the majority of the cases (n=5), while the sphenoid and temporal bones were equally involved in four patients. Two cases showed lesions in the frontal bone. Ground glass attenuation was seen in the majority (n=13) of the cases. Four cases showed mixed attenuation, and sclerosis was seen in one patient. CT is the investigation of choice for craniofacial dysplasia, which can help in the diagnosis and extent of the disease. Apart from diagnosis, CT is helpful in monitoring progression and treatment planning of the disease. CT is the first investigation of choice for craniofacial dysplasia since a plain radiograph of the skull can show a complex appearance due to overlapping structures

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Not AvailableOilseeds are crucial for the nutritional security of the global population. The conventional technology used for oil extraction from oilseeds is by solvent extraction. In solvent extraction, n-hexane is used as a solvent for its attributes such as simple recovery, non-polar nature, low latent heat of vaporization (330 kJ/kg) and high selectivity to solvents. However, usage of hexane as a solvent has lead to several repercussions such as air pollution, toxicity and harmfulness that prompted to look for alternative options. To circumvent the problem, green solvents could be a promising approach to replace solvent extraction. In this review, green solvents and technology like aqueous assisted enzyme extraction are better solution for oil extraction from oilseeds. Enzyme mediated extraction is eco-friendly, can obtain higher yields, cost-effective and aids in obtaining co-products without any damage. Enzyme technology has great potential for oil extraction in oilseed industry. Similarly, green solvents such as terpenes and ionic liquids have tremendous solvent properties that enable to extract the oil in eco-friendly manner. These green solvents and technologies are considered green owing to the attributes of energy reduction, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity and non-harmfulness. Hence, the review is mainly focussed on the prospects and challenges of green solvents and technology as the best option to replace the conventional methods without compromising the quality of the extracted products.Not Availabl

Cetuximab with radiotherapy in patients with loco-regionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck unsuitable or ineligible for concurrent platinum-based chemo-radiotherapy: Ready for routine clinical practice?

Purpose : To report outcomes of cetuximab concurrent with radiotherapy in advanced head-neck cancer unsuitable for platinum-based chemo-radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : Retrospective chart review of 37 patients treated with cetuximab and radiotherapy at a comprehensive cancer centre. Results : Median age of study cohort was 59 years. Thirty four (92%) patients had advanced stage disease (stage III-IV). Reasons for ineligibility for platinum included impaired creatinine-clearance, old age, and/or co-morbidities. Thirty-two (86%) patients completed planned radiotherapy without interruption; 29 (80%) patients received ≥6 cycles of cetuximab. Fifteen patients (40.5%) developed ≥grade 3 dermatitis; 9 patients (25%) experienced ≥grade 3 mucositis. At a median follow-up of 16 months, the 2-year loco-regional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival was 35.5%, 29.5%, and 44.4% respectively. Stage grouping and severe dermatitis were significant predictors of outcome.Conclusions : Cetuximab concurrent with radiotherapy is a reasonable alternative in advanced head-neck cancer patients with acceptable compliance and outcomes, but higher skin toxicity

Cetuximab with radiotherapy in patients with loco-regionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck unsuitable or ineligible for concurrent platinum-based chemo-radiotherapy: Ready for routine clinical practice?

Purpose : To report outcomes of cetuximab concurrent with radiotherapy in advanced head-neck cancer unsuitable for platinum-based chemo-radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : Retrospective chart review of 37 patients treated with cetuximab and radiotherapy at a comprehensive cancer centre. Results : Median age of study cohort was 59 years. Thirty four (92%) patients had advanced stage disease (stage III-IV). Reasons for ineligibility for platinum included impaired creatinine-clearance, old age, and/or co-morbidities. Thirty-two (86%) patients completed planned radiotherapy without interruption; 29 (80%) patients received 656 cycles of cetuximab. Fifteen patients (40.5%) developed 65grade 3 dermatitis; 9 patients (25%) experienced 65grade 3 mucositis. At a median follow-up of 16 months, the 2-year loco-regional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival was 35.5%, 29.5%, and 44.4% respectively. Stage grouping and severe dermatitis were significant predictors of outcome.Conclusions : Cetuximab concurrent with radiotherapy is a reasonable alternative in advanced head-neck cancer patients with acceptable compliance and outcomes, but higher skin toxicity

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Not AvailableRice (Orzya sativa L.) is one of the important staple food crops for more than half of the world and is being grown in most of the countries in the world. Varietal improvement and identification of novel sources for low nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P) tolerance helps in reducing the application of these fertilizers, import burdens, and environmental contaminations due to fertilizer run–offs and for getting sustainable yields, thus enhancing the income of farmers. Various novel biotechnology tools such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, Marker–assisted selection, Genome–Wide Association mapping (GWAS) and Genome editing techniques are discussed in this paper. At the ICAR–Indian Institute of Rice Research, in addition to screening genotypes for higher nutrient–use efficiency, lot of studies were carried out on genetic improvement of rice for development efficient genotypes in rice to minimize the application of fertilizers, which is not only necessary for increasing farmers’ income by saving on the cost of fertilizers but also to sustain the rice production.Not Availabl

Evaluation of efficacy of different plating systems in ZMC fractures: An original research

Objective: This study's objective was to assess and contrast the performance of several plating techniques in the treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Group A (Microplate System), Group B (Titanium Mesh System), and Group C (Absorbable Plate System) plating systems were the ones that were studied. Materials and Methods: With 10 patients in each group, a retrospective analysis of 30 patients with ZMC fractures was done. The following information was gathered: fracture reduction, stable fixation, complications, and patient satisfaction. Analysis was done on patient-reported outcomes, surgical outcomes, and demographic factors. Results: Group B (Titanium Mesh System) came in second with rates of 70% and 80%, respectively, while Group A (Microplate System) showed the highest rates of fracture reduction (90%) and stable fixation (100%). For fracture reduction and stable fixation, Group C (Absorbable Plate System) demonstrated rates of 80% and 90%, respectively. For Groups A, B, and C, the complication rates were 20%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. For Groups A, B, and C, the patient satisfaction levels were 90%, 80%, and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the Microplate System (Group A) is better than the Titanium Mesh System (Group B) and the Absorbable Plate System (Group C) in terms of fracture reduction and stable fixation when treating ZMC fractures. All plating systems had acceptable complication rates, and overall patient satisfaction ratings were high. Fracture features and patient-specific considerations should be taken into account while making individualized treatment options