Effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding knowledge about uses of menstrual cup among nursing students

Background: Menstruation is a normal biological process experienced by millions of women around the world each month. Good menstrual hygiene practices can prevent infections among women. During menstruation women are using different sanitary products like reusable cloth pads, commercial sanitary pads, tampons, pads made from wool, reusable tampons, and menstrual cups. The menstrual cup was developed as an alternative of sanitary napkins and eco-friendly sanitary product but due to lack of awareness in India it’s uses are very limited. Methods: Quasi experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was used in this research study. A total 201 nursing students of were selected by using purposive sampling technique. After the pretest structured teaching programme regarding knowledge of menstrual cap uses was implemented among nursing students and on 10th day of STP post-test was done by using the same tools. Results: During the pre-test researcher found that majority (81.59%) of nursing students had inadequate knowledge regarding menstrual cups uses. The mean knowledge score was significantly (p<0.05) increases from pre-test (7±3.06) to post-test (15±2.36) where mean difference was 8. Conclusions: The study results highlighted that the STP was highly effective in increase the knowledge among nursing students. Educational intervention programs must give importance in Professional Institutions, which will motivate female’s students to start practice of menstrual cups during menstruation. This is eco-friendly initiative

Impact of global warming on cyclonic disturbances over south Asian region

A state-of-the-art regional climate modelling system, known as PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies) developed by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, UK is applied over the Indian domain to investigate the impact of global warming on the cyclonic disturbances such as depressions and storms. The PRECIS simulations at 50 x 50 km horizontal resolution are made for two time slices, present (1961-1990) and the future (2071-2100), for two socioeconomic scenarios A2 and B2. The model simulations under the scenarios of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and sulphate aerosols are analysed to study the likely changes in the frequency, intensity and the tracks of cyclonic disturbances forming over north Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) and the Indian landmass during monsoon season. The model overestimates the frequency of cyclonic disturbances over the Indian subcontinent in baseline simulations (1961-1990). The change is evaluated towards the end of present century (2071-2100) with respect to the baseline climate. The present study indicates that the storm tracks simulated by the model are southwards as compared to the observed tracks during the monsoon season, especially for the two main monsoon months, viz., July and August. The analysis suggests that the frequency of cyclonic disturbances forming over north Indian Ocean is likely to reduce by 9% towards the end of the present century in response to the global warming. However, the intensity of cyclonic disturbances is likely to increase by about 11% compared to the present

Correlations and Event-by-Event Fluctuations in High Multiplicity Events Produced in 208^{208}Pb-208^{208}Pb Collisions

Analysis of high multiplicity events produced in 158A GeV/c $^{208}$Pb-$^{208}$Pb collisions is carried out to study the event-by-event fluctuations. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments can be used to identify the events having densely populated narrow phase space bins. A few events sorted out adopting this approach are individually analyzed. It is observed that these events do exhibit large fluctuations in their pseudorapidity, $\eta$ and azimuthal angle, $\phi$ distributions arising out due to some dynamical reasons. Two particle $\Delta\eta$-$\Delta\phi$ correlation study applied to these events too indicates that some complex two-dimensional structure of significantly high magnitude are present in these events which might have some dynamical origin. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments may be used as an effective triggering for events with large dynamical fluctuations.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures (Accepted for publication in Advances in High Energy Physics

Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon: a comparative study

The chemical composition of aerosols in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) of Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Arabian Sea (AS) has been studied during the spring and inter-monsoon (March-May 2006) based on the analysis of water soluble constituents (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-), crustal elements (Al, Fe, and Ca) and carbonaceous species (EC, OC). The total suspended particulates (TSP) ranged from 5.2 to 46.6 μg m-3 and 8.2 to 46.9 μg m-3 during the sampling transects in the BoB and AS respectively. The water-soluble species, on average, accounted for 44% and 33% of TSP over BoB and AS respectively, with dominant contribution of SO42- over both the oceanic regions. However, distinct differences with respect to elevated abundances of NH4+ in the MABL of BoB and that of Na+ and Ca2+ in AS are clearly evident. The non-sea-salt component of SO42- ranging from 82 to 98% over BoB and 35 to 98% over AS; together with nss-Ca2+/nss-SO42- equivalent ratios 0.12 to 0.5 and 0.2 to 1.16, respectively, provide evidence for the predominance of anthropogenic constituents and chemical transformation processes occurring within MABL. The concentrations of OC and EC average around 1.9 and 0.4 μg m-3 in BoB and exhibit a decreasing trend from north to south; however, abundance of these carbonaceous species are not significantly pronounced over AS. The abundance of Al, used as a proxy for mineral aerosols, varied from 0.2 to 1.9 μg m-3 over BoB and AS, with a distinctly different spatial pattern - decreasing north to south in BoB in contrast to an increasing pattern in the Arabian Sea

Event by Event Analysis of High Multiplicity Events Produced in 158 A GeV/c 208 Pb- 208 Pb Collisions

An extensive analysis of individual high multiplicity events produced in 158 A GeV /c 208Pb- 208Pb collisions is carried by adopting different methods to examine the anomalous behavior of these rare events. A method of selecting the events with densely populated narrow regions or spikes out of a given sample of collision events is discussed.Employing this approach two events with large spikes in their eta- and phi- distributions are selected for further analysis. For the sake of comparison, another two events which do not exhibit such spikes are simultaneously analyzed. The findings suggest that the systematic studies of particle density fluctuations in one- and two-dimensional phase-spaces and comparison with those obtained from the studies of correlation free Monte Carlo events, would be useful for identifying the events with large dynamical fluctuations. Formation of clusters or jet like phenomena in multihadronic final states in individual events is also discussed and the experimental findings are compared with the independent particle emission hypothesis by carrying out Monte Carlo simulations

Pseudorapidity Window Size Dependence of Multiplicity Fluctuations in High-Energy Collisions with System Size and Beam Energies

An investigation of the critical behavior of strongly interacting QCD matter has been performed by analyzing fluctuation observables on event-by-event (ebe) basis measured in high-energy collision experiments. The fluctuation analysis is performed using nuclear interactions at different target sizes and at different colliding beam energies as a function of varying width of pseudorapidity interval. For the sake of comparison, event-by-event multiplicity fluctuations in hadronic and heavy-ion collisions (p-H, p-A and A-B) are studied within the framework of the Lund Monte Carlo based FRITIOF model. Charged particle multiplicity and the variance of the multiplicity distribution are estimated for the interactions involving different target sizes and beam momenta i.e., p-H, p-CNO, p-AgBr at 200A GeV/c and $^{16}$O-AgBr collisions at 14.6, 60 and 200A GeV/c. Further, multiplicity fluctuations are quantified in terms of intensive quantity, the scaled variances $\omega$ and the strongly intensive quantity $\Sigma_{FB}$ derived from the charged particle multiplicity and the width of the multiplicity distribution. Strongly intensive quantity $\Sigma_{FB}$ is a quantity of great significance to extract information about short and long-range multiplicity correlations. Furthermore, the collision centrality and centrality bin width dependent behavior of the multiplicity fluctuation have been examined in the framework of Lund Monte Carlo based FRITIOF model. Results based on the fluctuation analysis carried out in the present study are interpreted in terms of dynamics of collision process and the possibility of related QCD phase transition.Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures, published in Int. J. Mod. Phy. E Vol. 31, 2250056 (2022