Proton-induced activation cross sections in the energy range below 1 GeV

(Abridged) Modern studies and industrial applications related to the design, radiation protection, and reliability of nuclear facilities, medical applications, as well as space research and exploration are relying on extensive simulations and modeling. Computer codes realizing semi-classical and quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) approaches are often employed to make up for the lack of accelerator data on many nuclear reactions at intermediate and high energies (>10s of MeV/n) and are in high demand. This contribution focuses on the methodology of generating reliable proton-induced cross sections in the energy range below 1 GeV. We developed a problem-oriented computer framework based on MCNPX and CASCADE/INPE codes to calculate activation cross section data at intermediate and high energies. Goodness of the fits of nucleon-nucleus interaction models to the existing data is evaluated based on elaborated algorithms. The method is based on the analysis of a large set of data and calculated cross sections for different targets and residual nuclei in a wide range of proton energies using numerous criteria. In practice, this could be done by tuning the model parameters and algorithms to fit required experimental data subset, or through achieving unification and consistency of fundamental parameters for all considered reactions. The presented framework is pursuing the latter approach. We use proton-induced reactions on Si and Fe nuclei to illustrate the application of the developed multi-criteria algorithm, where we use all data below 1 GeV available from the EXFOR data library and the IAEA CRP "Benchmark of Spallation Models." We show that the analysis of the predictive power of various intermediate and high-energy models based on the multi-criteria algorithm allows more sophisticated selection of appropriate models in a given energy range and residual nuclei domain.Comment: A poster E1.16-0085-21 presented at an event E1.16 "Origin of Cosmic Rays," 43th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (hybrid), 28 Jan - 4 Feb 2021, Sydney, Australia. For a full agenda of the event E1.16, see https://www.cospar-assembly.org/admin/session_cospar.php?session=90

BERNAS ION SOURCE DISCHARGE SIMULATION

The joint research and development program is continued to develop steady-state ion source of decaborane beam for ion implantation industry. Bemas ion source is the wide used ion source for ion implantation industry. The new simulation code was developed for the Bemas ion source discharge simulation. We present first results of the simulation for several materials interested in semiconductors. As well the comparison of results obtained with experimental data obtained at the ITEP ion source test-bench is presented

STATUS OF ITEP DECABORANE ION SOURCE PROGRAM.

The joint research and development program is continued to develop steady-state ion source of decaborane beam for ion implantation industry. Both Freeman and Bemas ion sources for decaborane ion beam generation were investigated. Decaborane negative ion beam as well as positive ion beam were generated and delivered to the output of mass separator. Experimental results obtained in ITEP are presented

Ion Sources for Energy Extremes of Ion Implantation.

For the past four years a joint research and development effort designed to develop steady state, intense ion sources has been in progress with the ultimate goal to develop ion sources and techniques, which meet the two energy extreme range needs of mega-electron-volt and 100's of electron-volt ion implanters. This endeavor has already resulted in record steady state output currents of high charge state of Antimony and Phosphorous ions: P{sup 2+} (8.6 pmA), P{sup 3+} (1.9 pmA), and P{sup 4+} (0.12 pmA) and 16.2, 7.6, 3.3, and 2.2 pmA of Sb{sup 3+} Sb{sup 4+}, Sb{sup 5+}, and Sb{sup 6+} respectively. For low energy ion implantation our efforts involve molecular ions and a novel plasmaless/gasless deceleration method. To date, 1 emA of positive Decaborane ions were extracted at 10 keV and smaller currents of negative Decaborane ions were also extracted. Additionally, Boron current fraction of over 70% was extracted from a Bemas-Calutron ion source, which represents a factor of 3.5 improvement over currently employed ion sources

Hole traps and persistent photocapacitance in proton irradiated β-Ga2O3 films doped with Si

Hole traps in hydride vapor phase epitaxy β-Ga2O3 films were studied by deep level transient spectroscopy with electrical and optical excitation (DLTS and ODLTS) and by photocapacitance and temperature dependence measurements. Irradiation with 20 MeV protons creates deep electron and hole traps, a strong increase in photocapacitance, and prominent persistent photocapacitance that partly persists above room temperature. Three hole-trap-like signals H1 [self-trapped holes (STH)], H2 [electron capture barrier (ECB)], and H3, with activation energies 0.2 eV, 0.4 eV, 1.3 eV, respectively, were detected in ODLTS. The H1 (STH) feature is suggested to correspond to the transition of polaronic states of STH to mobile holes in the valence band. The broad H2 (ECB) feature is due to overcoming of the ECB of the centers responsible for persistent photocapacitance for temperatures below 250 K. The H3 peak is produced by detrapping of holes from Ev + 1.3 eV hole traps believed to be related to gallium vacancy acceptors. One more deep acceptor with optical ionization threshold near 2.3 eV is likely responsible for high temperature persistent photocapacitance surviving up to temperatures higher than 400 K. The latter traps show a significant barrier for capture of electrons