ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ СИСТЕМ ФАЗОВОЙ СИНХРОНИЗАЦИИ

The results of various embodiments study of the hardware and software phase-locked loops, suggesting possible variants of generalized mathematical models of the multi-systems as well as devices with a cyclic interrupt mode-locked are presented. One of the possible algorithms of phase-locked loops software functioning is offered.Приведены результаты исследования различных вариантов реализации аппаратных и программных систем фазовой синхронизации, предложены возможные варианты построения обобщенных математических моделей многокольцевых систем, а также устройств с циклическим прерыванием режима автоподстройки. Предложен один из возможных алгоритмов функционирования программной системы фазовой синхронизации

Malnutrition as assessed by nutritional risk index is associated with worse outcome in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure: an ACAP-HF data analysis

Malnutrition is common at hospital admission and tends to worsen during hospitalization. This controlled population study aimed to determine if serum albumin or moderate and severe nutritional depletion by Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) at hospital admission are associated with increased length of hospital stay (LOS) in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Serum albumin levels and lymphocyte counts were retrospectively determined at hospital admission in 1740 consecutive patients admitted with primary and secondary diagnosis of ADHF. The Nutrition Risk Score (NRI) developed originally in AIDS and cancer populations was derived from the serum albumin concentration and the ratio of actual to usual weight, as follows: NRI = (1.519 × serum albumin, g/dL) + {41.7 × present weight (kg)/ideal body weight(kg)}. Patients were classified into four groups as no, mild, moderate or severe risk by NRI. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine the association between nutritional risk category and LOS

Thymosin Beta 4 Prevents Oxidative Stress by Targeting Antioxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Genes in Cardiac Fibroblasts

Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with diverse functions relating to cell proliferation and differentiation that promotes wound healing and modulates inflammatory responses. The effecter molecules targeted by Tβ4 for cardiac protection remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the molecules targeted by Tβ4 that mediate cardio-protection under oxidative stress.Rat neonatal fibroblasts cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in presence and absence of Tβ4 and expression of antioxidant, apoptotic and pro-fibrotic genes was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were estimated by DCF-DA using fluorescent microscopy and fluorimetry. Selected antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes were silenced by siRNA transfections in cardiac fibroblasts and the effect of Tβ4 on H(2)O(2)-induced profibrotic events was evaluated.Pre-treatment with Tβ4 resulted in reduction of the intracellular ROS levels induced by H(2)O(2) in the cardiac fibroblasts. This was associated with an increased expression of antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and reduction of Bax/Bcl(2) ratio. Tβ4 treatment reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic genes [connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), collagen type-1 (Col-I) and collagen type-3 (Col-III)] in the cardiac fibroblasts. Silencing of Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase gene triggered apoptotic cell death in the cardiac fibroblasts, which was prevented by treatment with Tβ4.This is the first report that exhibits the targeted molecules modulated by Tβ4 under oxidative stress utilizing the cardiac fibroblasts. Tβ4 treatment prevented the profibrotic gene expression in the in vitro settings. Our findings indicate that Tβ4 selectively targets and upregulates catalase, Cu/Zn-SOD and Bcl(2), thereby, preventing H(2)O(2)-induced profibrotic changes in the myocardium. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the signaling pathways involved in the cardio-protection afforded by Tβ4

PRINCIPLES OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS MATHEMATICAL MODELS CONSTRUCTION

The results of various embodiments study of the hardware and software phase-locked loops, suggesting possible variants of generalized mathematical models of the multi-systems as well as devices with a cyclic interrupt mode-locked are presented. One of the possible algorithms of phase-locked loops software functioning is offered

Physics of Auroral Phenomena

The purpose of the present paper is studying spatial and temporal variations of stratospheric ozone by simultaneous measurements. The research has been performed in a rather interesting Arctic region where most frequently there are hurricanes in the winter stratosphere of the Earth -so-called winter polar vortex. As a rule, the centre of the vortex lies in this area We present the results of simultaneous observations of stratospheric ozone in the winter 2003/2004 at heights from 20 to 60 km. The measurements were conducted by the ground-based microwave instruments, which are at the Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity (67°N, 35°E), Russia and at the Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna (68°N, 20°E), Sweden. Besides, we used the results of balloon measurements of ozone vertical distribution from the surface up to the heights of 25-30 km performed by electrochemical cell type ECC-6A at the Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä (67°N, 27°E), Finland and at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Koldewey-Station 21

Combined alpha-beta blockade (doxazosin plus metoprolol) compared with beta blockade alone in chronic congestive heart failure.

There has been growing evidence for the benefits of beta blockers, but alpha blockers have not shown sustained benefits in chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). Thirty patients with moderate to severe CHF (New York Heart Association class II to IV) were sequentially assigned to receive metoprolol 6.25 mg with the alpha-1 antagonist doxazosin 4 mg/day or metoprolol alone. The dose of metoprolol was gradually increased to a target dose of 50 mg orally twice daily. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before drug therapy, 2 hours after the first dose of combined alpha-beta therapy or metoprolol alone, and after 3 months of continuous treatment. Nuclear ejection fraction, plasma norepinephrine, and submaximal and maximal exercise capacity were also measured before and after chronic therapy. With initial combined drug administration, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular filling pressure, and systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly compared with results after metoprolol alone. However, after 3 months of continuous therapy, both treatment groups showed similar and significant reductions in systemic vascular resistance and heart rate, with significant increases in cardiac index, stroke volume index, stroke work index, ejection fraction, and exercise capacity. Furthermore, the next dose of chronic combined medication no longer showed vasodilating effects. Chronic therapy with fixed-dose doxazosin and increasing doses of metoprolol produced identical effects as those seen in patients receiving metoprolol alone