58 research outputs found

    Spring waters as an indicator of nitrate and pesticide pollution of rural watercourses from nonpoint sources: results of repeated monitoring campaigns since the early 2000s in the low mountain landscape of Saarland, Germany

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    Background: Spring waters, which are fed mainly by near-surface groundwater, provide a comprehensive picture of emissions of nitrate and other pollutants caused by the type and intensity of land use in the topographic catchment area. One aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting the contribution of nonpoint-source inputs to the nitrate load of small- and medium-sized watercourses based on the type of agricultural use in the catchment areas. Methods: Fifty-five springs in the German Land Saarland and the adjacent Rhineland-Palatinate were monitored for pollutants during three monitoring periods of at least 12 months between 2000 and 2019. The catchment areas are representative of the natural regions in the study area and are outside the influence of settlements and other developments. In addition to nitrate and other physicochemical parameters, 25 agriculturally impacted springs were screened for pesticides and their metabolites. Results: Since the first measurements were taken in 2000, the vast majority of agriculturally impacted springs have consistently exhibited high nitrate concentrations of between 20 and 40 mg/L NO3−. Springs not influenced by agriculture contained an average of 3.6 mg/L nitrate. The extreme values observed in the early 2000s decreased to the limit value of 50 mg/L, but most of the springs with moderate levels exhibited an increase to approximately 30 mg/L. The number of pesticidal agents detected in the spring waters demonstrated a clear correlation with the watershed’s amount of arable land and the nitrate content detected. Moreover, we found a highly significant correlation between nitrate content and the share of cropland in the catchment area. From this, we derived a regression model that could be used to quantify the share of nitrate pollution attributable to nonpoint-source inputs for larger catchments in the region under investigation. Conclusion: Nitrate discharged from farmland has not decreased since the European Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) entered into force. At the historically extremely heavily polluted sites, measures have been implemented that have led to compliance with the limit value of the Nitrate Directive. However, below this limit, nitrate levels have increased significantly almost everywhere in the last two decades. We therefore recommend introducing stricter requirements for official water pollution control, such as the marine ecological target value

    Time-Resolved Phosphoproteomics Unravel the Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling

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    La phosphorylation des protĂ©ines est une modification post-traductionnelle trĂšs abondante qui cible les acides aminĂ©s sĂ©rine, thrĂ©onine et tyrosine. Les groupements phosphates sont ajoutĂ©s aux protĂ©ines par les kinases et retirĂ©s par les phosphatases. La phosphorylation d’une protĂ©ine rĂ©gule sa conformation structurelle; ce qui modifie ses fonctions. C’est un vecteur de signalisation intracellulaire, impliquĂ© notamment dans la rĂ©gulation des interactions protĂ©ine-protĂ©ine et de l’activitĂ© des enzymes. La prolifĂ©ration, la diffĂ©renciation et la morphologie cellulaires sont autant de processus rĂ©gulĂ©s par des Ă©vĂ©nements de phosphorylation. Une meilleure comprĂ©hension des voies de phosphorylation est ainsi importante pour faire avancer la recherche contre le cancer. L’étude de la phosphorylation des protĂ©ines a grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© de l’amĂ©lioration des techniques de protĂ©omique basĂ©es sur la spectromĂ©trie de masse, qui permettent d’analyser en quelques heures des milliers de sites de phosphorylation. Les expĂ©riences de spectromĂ©trie de masse permettent habituellement d’étudier les effets de stimuli extracellulaires sur le phosphoprotĂ©ome en prenant des mesures Ă  un seul temps post-stimulation donnĂ©. Ce type d’analyse ne permet toutefois pas de suivre les changements de phosphorylation dans le temps, ce qui serait utile pour comprendre le fonctionnement des voies de signalisation. La prĂ©sente thĂšse dĂ©crit le dĂ©veloppement et l’application de nouvelles techniques de phosphoprotĂ©omique permettant de mesurer la phosphorylation avec une grande rĂ©solution temporelle. Cette approche a permis d’identifier de nouvelles voies de signalisation dĂ©pendantes de stimuli et de mieux caractĂ©riser certains rĂ©seaux de phosphorylation dĂ©jĂ  connus. Tout d’abord, une analyse temporelle du phosphoprotĂ©ome a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e pour dĂ©terminer les effets de stress thermiques sur Saccharomyces cerevisiae dans les 30 minutes post-stimulation. 15 profils cinĂ©tiques diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Ces profils de phosphorylation ont permis de mieux dĂ©finir des interactions kinase-substrat. L’information temporelle a notamment permis de caractĂ©riser les rĂ©seaux de signalisation des kinases Cdc28 et PKA suite Ă  un choc thermique. De grands changements d’état de phosphorylation ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s pour des protĂ©ines impliquĂ©es dans la transcription, le repliement des protĂ©ines et la progression du cycle cellulaire. Dans une seconde Ă©tude, des cellules humaines de cancer du cĂŽlon contenant des mutations somatiques de BRAF ou KRAS ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es avec un inhibiteur de BRAF, le Vermurafenib. L’utilisation de la phosphoprotĂ©omique temporelle a permis d’identifier de nouveaux substrats de la voie BRAF-RAS-ERK. De fait, il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que les facteurs de transcription MKL1/2 et TEAD3 sont des cibles directes de la kinase ERK. Enfin, les effets sur le phosphoprotĂ©ome de petites molĂ©cules activatrices de la protĂ©ine phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Des cellules hĂ©matopoĂŻĂ©tiques murines ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es avec les sphingolipides anti-oncogĂ©niques C2-ceramide et SH-BC-893 ainsi qu’avec l’inhibiteur spĂ©cifique de PP2A, le LB-100. Les sphingolipides utilisĂ©s sont des activateurs connus de PP2A qui causent la mort cellulaire en privant les cellules de nutriments. De fait, les deux sphingolipides causent la perte de transporteurs de nutriments. SH-BC-893 mĂšne en plus Ă  la formation de vacuoles, un phĂ©notype liĂ© Ă  la mobilisation de nutriments. La dynamique du phosphoprotĂ©ome a Ă©tĂ© suivie pendant les 60 minutes suivant le traitement, rĂ©vĂ©lant une activation diffĂ©rentielle de PP2A en prĂ©sence des sphingolipides. En comparant ces rĂ©ponses avec le phosphoprotĂ©ome de cellules traitĂ©es avec le LB-100, il a Ă©tĂ© possible d’identifier des sites de PP2A sur de nombreuses GTPases et protĂ©ines du cytosquelette d’actine, notamment Arhgef2 et Paxilin. De plus, la privation de nutriments s’est avĂ©rĂ©e ĂȘtre partiellement dĂ©pendante de la polymĂ©risation de l’actine induite par les sphingolipides. Finalement, les phosphoprotĂ©ines lysosomales associĂ©es au kinase AKT et impliquĂ©es dans le recyclage des endosomes sont rĂ©gulĂ©es diffĂ©rent par SH-BC-893 et C2-ceramide, ce qui explique partiellement pourquoi C2-ceramide ne cause pas la formation de vacuoles. Somme toute, l’analyse temporelle du phosphoprotĂ©ome a permis d’étudier diffĂ©rents processus plus en profondeur que ce que permettent les techniques de phosphoprotĂ©omique traditionnelles. Elles ont permis d’élucider des mĂ©canismes biologiques d’importance pour la recherche contre le cancer.Protein phosphorylation is a highly abundant post translational modification primarily observed on the amino acids Serine, Threonine and Tyrosine. Phosphate residues are transferred through kinases and are removed by protein phosphatases. Phosphorylation regulates the structural conformation of proteins, therefore modifying their function. It functions as an intracellular signaling mediator that regulates key processes such as protein-protein interactions and the activity of enzymes. Cell proliferation, differentiation and morphology are some of the most important cellular machineries regulated through phosphorylation signaling. Knowledge about phosphorylation pathways therefore is of high importance for cancer research. The study of protein phosphorylation has greatly benefited from the implementation of mass spectrometry based proteomics techniques that allows for the profiling of thousands of protein phosphorylation sites in a matter of hours. When investigating the effects of extracellular stimulations on the phosphoproteome, mass spectrometry experiments are typically designed by taking a snapshot of the phosphoproteome at a given time post stimulation. This type of analysis, however, does not allow to follow the temporal characteristics of phosphorylation that could explain the functioning of signaling pathways. This thesis describes the development and application of phosphoproteomics techniques that monitor phosphorylation signaling at high temporal resolution. This approach allowed the discovery of stimulation dependent signaling pathways and aided the refinement of already characterized phosphorylation networks. At first, temporal profiling of the phosphoproteome was applied to study the effects of heat and cold stress on Saccharomyces cerevisiae within the first 30 minutes post stimulation. Fifteen different kinetic trends were discovered. Kinase-substrate interactions could be unraveled based on kinetic patterns of phosphorylation. In more detail, temporal information allowed the characterization of the signaling network of the kinases Cdc28 and PKA following temperature stress. These responses were associated with extensive changes in phosphorylation on proteins involved in transcription, protein folding and cell cycle progression. In a second study, human colon cancer cells harboring somatic BRAF or KRAS mutations were subjected to treatments with the BRAF kinase inhibitor Vemurafenib. Temporally resolved phosphoprotoemics aided the discovery of novel targets of the BRAF-RAS-ERK signaling pathway. The transcription factors MKL1/2 and TEAD3 were found to be direct target of the kinase ERK. ERK mediated phosphorylation of MKL1/2 could be associated to actin binding, regulating their activity. Third, a study investigating the effects of protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) small molecule activators on the phosphoprotoeme is described. Hematopoietic mouse cells were treated with the anti-oncogenic sphingolipids C2-ceramide and SH-BC-893 as well as the specific PP2A inhibitor LB-100. The investigated sphingolipids are known activators of PP2A that starve cancer cells to death. Both sphingolipids cause nutrient transporter loss, leading to cell starvation. In addition, SH-BC-893 causes vacuolation, a phenotype that is linked to nutrient mobilization. Phosphoprotoeme dynamics were monitored within 60 minutes post stimulation and unraveled differential activation of PP2A with sphingolipids. Comparison of sphingolipid response to the LB-100 perturbed phosphoprotoeme revealed PP2A directed phosphorylation on numerous GTPase and actin cytoskeletal proteins including Arhgef2 and Paxilin. Cell starvation was found to be partially dependent on sphingolipid induced actin polymerization. Lysosomal phosphoproteins affiliated with the kinase AKT and endosome recycling were differentially regulated by SH-BC-893 and C2-ceramide, partially explaining why C2-ceramide does not induce vacuolation. Overall, temporal profiling of the phosphoproteome improved the depth of knowledge gained from phosphoproteomics experiments compared to conventional studies, and lead to the discovery of yet unknown biological mechanisms that are of importance to cancer research

    Potenziale erneuerbarer Energien einer deutschen Mittelgebirgsregion - das Beispiel des BiosphÀrenreservats Bliesgau/Saarland

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    Eine Vielzahl von Gemeinden strebt - als Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung - ein Nullemissionsziel an. Am Beispiel der BiosphĂ€renregion Bliesgau im sĂŒdwestlichen Saarland wird das aktuelle Potenzial erneuerbarer Energien dem aktuellen Energiebedarf gegenĂŒbergestellt und - unter BerĂŒcksichtigung der demographischen Entwicklung - fĂŒr das Jahr 2050 prognostiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass momentan ein Nullemissionsziel nicht erreichbar wĂ€re, im Jahre 2050 jedoch dieses Ziel eingehalten werden könnte. Dies ist zum einen durch die Zielerreichung von Effizienzmaßnahmen, zum anderen durch einen deutlichen BevölkerungsrĂŒckgang möglich. HauptenergietrĂ€ger wĂ€re hierbei neben Wind- und Solar- die geothermische Energie.Many municipalities are striving to achieve zero emissions - as a contribution towards 'sustainable regional development'. The example of the biosphere region Bliesgau in south-west Saarland is used to compare the current potential of renewable energies with current energy requirements and a prognosis for the year 2050 is produced - taking demographic trends into consideration. It can be seen that the zero-emissions objective is presently unachievable but it could be reached in 2050. This is due on the one hand to efficiency goals being achieved, but it is also due to a clear decrease in population. The main sources of energy here would be wind, solar and geothermal power

    The soils of the Greater Region SaarLorLux

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    Böden sind nicht nur die verwitterte und durch verschiedenste Prozesse ĂŒberprĂ€gte oberste Schicht der Erdkruste, sie sind vor allem Standort fĂŒr Pflanzen und damit – neben den Umweltkompartimenten Wasser und Luft – die Grundlage des terrestrischen Lebens auf der Erde. Die Karte der "Böden der Großregion" zeigt als Ausschnitt der European Soil Database (ESDB) die typischen Bodentypen der Großregion in einer einheitlichen Klassifikation. Kartographisch abgebildet sind hier aufgrund gleicher Eigenschaften abgrenzbare bodengeographische Einheiten und ihre dominierenden Bodentypen. Deren Verbreitungsmuster, Eigenschaften und auch Probleme werden hier vorgestellt.

    The Soils in the Greater Region SaarLorLux

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    La carte « Sols de la Grande RĂ©gion », extrait de la base de donnĂ©es European Soil Database, prĂ©sente les types de sols caractĂ©ristiques de la Grande RĂ©gion dans une classification homogĂšne.The map "Soils of the Greater Region", extracted from the European Soil Database, presents the characteristic soil types of the Greater Region in a homogeneous classification.Die Karte "Böden der Großregion", ein Auszug aus der Datenbank European Soil Database, zeigt die fĂŒr die Großregion charakteristischen Bodentypen in einer einheitlichen Klassifizierung
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