The Wartanian Siedlec Sandur (Zedlitzer Sandur) southwards the Trzebnica Hills, Silesian Lowland; Southwestern Poland: re-examination after fifty years

Der Zedlitzer Sander (Siedlec Sandur) in Schlesien, im südwestlichen Polen gelegen, wurde zuerst von M. Schwarzbach im Jahr 1942 beschrieben. Er wurde als ein warthezeitlicher Sander gedeutet, der am Südrand der Stauchmoräne (Trzebnica Hügel, Trzebnica Katzengebirge) entstanden war. Einige neuere Untersuchungen widersprechen dieser Interpretation und negieren das Auftreten warthezeitlichen Eises in Südwest-Polen. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert neue sedimentologische Untersuchungen aus den Ablagerungen des Siedlec Sanders. Das wichtigste Ergebnis dieser Studien ist eine detaillierte Beschreibung einiger klassischer, schon von Schwarzbach beschriebener und einiger neuer Aufschlüsse. Aus diesen Aufschlüssen wurde geschlossen, daß der Siedlec Sander einen eiszeitlichen Schwemmfächer mit Sedimentstrukturen repräsentiere, wie sie auch in Schwemmfächern semiarider Klimate vorkommen. Das glaziofluviatile Material des Schwemmfächers legt nahe, daß seine Sedimentation in einer kalten Polarwüste erfolgte. Dieser Schluß spricht für Schwarzbachs Deutung und nicht für die seiner Opponenten, und er belegt indirekt das Auftreten warthezeitlichen Eises in Schlesien. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird außerdem die mögliche Ausdehnung des Eises in das Trebnitzer Katzengebirge diskutiert.researc

An examination of the glaciomarginal fan of the Odranian glaciation at the Mokrzeszów site, Sudetic Foreland, SW Poland

The article presents the results of research from the Mokrzeszów site in the Sudetic Foreland. Lithopetrographic and sedimentological analyses of sediments from the Middle Polish Glaciations (Early Saalian, Odranian, MIS6) in this area indicate the overrepresentation (90–95%) of large Scandinavian erratics. The deposits, representing a repetitive sequence of Gp-Gms-Sp-Sh/Sr(Dmm) lithofacies, accumulated during at least two episodes of glacial outburst floods and six sedimentary cycles. High-energy flows are estimated for the Gms and Gp facies at about 5 m∙s−1 and low-energy flows indicate 0.8 m∙s−1 for the Sp/Sh/Sr facies, to the lack of flow (Fm). The sedimentary sequences confirm the existence of a fan, which may have originated as a subaqueous steep coarse-grained fan in glacial-flow-lake-outburst floods that formed between the ice sheet front and the morphotectonic edge of the Sudetic Marginal Fault line and within the Roztoka-Mokrzeszów Graben, or as an aerial, piedmont fan on the Sudetic Marginal Fault edge. The sediments show discontinuous deformations – gently sloping faults and fractures from glacioisostatic stresses. The fault activity is probably related to the reactivation of the faults due to ice loading during or after the older Saalian glaciation

Plant macrofossils from the Czyżów Complex deposits of the Szczerców outcrop, central Poland

The paper presents the results of research into the plant macrofossils found in the tectonic Kleszczów Graben, within Mesopleistocene sandy sediments. A number of samples were collected at eight locations from river sediments containing variously sized fragments of plants, mostly from greenish sands overlying Neogene sediments.The structural characteristics of the sediments show a cyclic record of the formation of point bars, their washing out at supercritical conditions, and their aggradation by fine-grained material during flow waning. Based on lithological and structural studies, it has been demonstrated that the sands accumulated in an environment of a meandering river, whose valley bottom was covered with fairly dense vegetation, inhibiting the influx of mineral material to the floodplain from the surroundings – the valley or glacial plateau slopes. The aim of further analysis was to identify the plant genera of the individual macrofossils (about 40 specimens). The most numerous macrofossils were observed in the middle layers of the profile, within sandy megaripple structures, where mostly fragments of Fraxinus and Acer wood were present. In other layers, several fragments of Pinus and three pieces of Populus wood were identified. Additionally, young stems of dicotyledonous plants and fragments of rhytidome (the outer bark of a tree) were found. The results are discussed in combination with considerations on the deposition of the Czyżów Complex in the Bełchatów outcrop, and on the occurrence of local flora.

Middle Pleistocene fluvial, lacustrine and glaciolacustrine sediments of the Czyżów and Kuców formations (Kuców 9, 10 and 16 sections), Bełchatów outcrop, central Poland - the problem of stratigraphical interpretation

The article presents results of research of three sections (Kuców 9, 10 and 16). Two of them record fluvial and lacustrine interglacial sediments and the third, cold-stage glaciolacustrine sediments. They were formed inside the Miocene– Pliocene syncline depressions in a central part of the southern horst within the Kleszczów Graben. Fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Mazovian or Ferdynandovian in the Czyżów Formation) are described from the Kuców 9 and 10 sections. Their sediments are located in marginal parts of a buried river valley and within an oxbow palaeolake, then covered by glaciofluvial deposits of the Ławki (Early Saalian) and Rogowiec (Late Saalian) Formations. The Kuców 16 section comprises ice-dam sandy lithofacies (Kuców Formation, Elsterian) of a marginal part in a proglacial lake. Two pollen diagrams of K65/15 and Kuców 9 sections represent the Mazovian (Holsteinian) succession, although in the Kuców 9 section some features are typical for the Ferdinandovian succession

Post-alpine tectonics of the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben : a reply

The paper aims to answer the critical remarks presented by Don and Wojewoda (in this issue) related to our papers published in Acta Montana (Badura et al., 2002, Badura et al., 2003). Answering those we have noticed that the terms brachysyncline and brachyanticline are improper with regard to the young Alpine rebuilding of the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben. In this paper we present the basic reasons for our hypothesis of young tectonic movements in the studied area more widely. Our morphotectonic analyses are based on the digital elevation models (DEM) and the electroresistance survey of the researched area located near Kamienna and north of Długopole Zdrój. The results of our research show that despite of the long history of the geological studies - longer than 100 years, the region is still a very challenging research area. In this paper we point out that application of the DEM and electroresistivity methods gives the new important results. Those should definitely be taken into consideration together with palaeontological research and geological mapping. We really wonder that the authors of the critical paper unequivocally negate the results of our studies and suggest that the continuation of such research and geodetic survey in the area is aimless

Drainage evolution in the Polish Sudeten Foreland in the context of European fluvial archives

Detailed study of subsurface deposits in the Polish Sudeten Foreland, particularly with reference to provenance data, has revealed that an extensive preglacial drainage system developed there in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, with both similarities and differences in comparison with the present-day Odra (Oder) system. This foreland is at the northern edge of an intensely deformed upland, metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny, with faulted horsts and grabens reactivated in the Late Cenozoic. The main arm of preglacial drainage of this area, at least until the early Middle Pleistocene, was the Palaeo–Nysa Kłodzka, precursor of the Odra left-bank tributary of that name. Significant preglacial evolution of this drainage system can be demonstrated, including incision into the landscape, prior to its disruption by glaciation in the Elsterian (Sanian) and again in the early Saalian (Odranian), which resulted in burial of the preglacial fluvial archives by glacial and fluvioglacial deposits. No later ice sheets reached the area, in which the modern drainage pattern became established, the rivers incising afresh into the landscape and forming post-Saalian terrace systems. Issues of compatibility of this record with the progressive uplift implicit in the formation of conventional terrace systems are examined, with particular reference to crustal properties, which are shown to have had an important influence on landscape and drainage evolution in the region

Middle Pleistocene fluvial, lacustrine and glaciolacustrine sediments of the Czyżów and Kuców Formations (Kuców 9, 10 and 16 sections), Bełchatów outcrop, central Poland – the problem of stratigraphical interpretation

The article presents results of research of three sections (Kuców 9, 10 and 16). Two of them record fluvial and lacustrine interglacial sediments and the third, cold-stage glaciolacustrine sediments. They were formed inside the Miocene – Pliocene syncline depressions in a central part of the southern horst within the Kleszczów Graben. Fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Mazovian or Ferdynandovian in the Czyżów Formation) are described from the Kuców 9 and 10 sections. Their sediments are located in marginal parts of a buried river valley and within an oxbow palaeolake, then covered by glaciofluvial deposits of the Ławki (Early Saalian) and Rogowiec (Late Saalian) Formations. The Kuców 16 section comprises ice-dam sandy lithofacies (Kuców Formation, Elsterian) of a marginal part in a proglacial lake. Two pollen diagrams of K65/15 and Kuców 9 sections represent the Mazovian (Holsteinian) succession, although in the Kuców 9 section some features are typical for the Ferdinandovian succession

Utwory formacji Rogowiec (Late Saalian, MIS6) w odkrywce Bełchatów, Polska Środkowa

Utwory formacji Rogowiec w profilu litostratygraficznym opisanym dla środkowej części rowu Kleszczowa - odkrywce Bełchatów - obejmują gliny zwałowe oraz rozdzielające je piaski lub piaski i żwiry fluwioglacjalne, a podrzędnie także iły warwowe i mułki zastoiskowe (glacilimniczne) (por. Krzyszkowski 1988, 1990, 1992). Ponad nimi, w profilu geologicznym, występują utwory jeziorne (fm Aleksandrów), rzeczne (fm Piaski i Widawka) i organogeniczne (fm Szerokie). Badania palinologiczne utworów formacji Aleksandrów wskazały na ich powinowactwo z interglacjałem eemskim (MIS5e). Biorąc to pod uwagę, ustalono, iż utwory formacji Rogowiec związane są z pobytem lądolodu skandynawskiego w Polsce Środkowej w czasie stadiału Warty w kompleksie środkowopolskim (Late Saalian, MIS6). Od spągu osady formacji Rogowiec kontaktują granicą sedymentacyjną z osadami formacji Chojny, obok formacji Ławki (Early Saalian, MIS6), a granicą erozyjną z osadami formacji Rokity, Czyżów i Kuców. Osady opisywanej formacji zalegają subpowierzchniowo w obrębie wysoczyzny morenowej – Wysoczyzny Bełchatowskiej. Miejscami są one porozcinane młodszymi dolinami dopływów Widawki. Wysoczyznę urozmaicają charakterystyczne dla strefy glacimarginalnej pagóry moren czołowych i kemów, ozy, wytopiska, czy depresje końcowe

Wybrane cechy strukturalne osadów w dolnym piętrze strukturalnym w odkrywce Bełchatów (Polska Środkowa) – profil Kuców 16

Osady zastoiskowe w obrębie środkowej części rowu Kleszczowa - odkrywce Bełchatów - zostały opisane w obrębie formacji Folwark, Kuców, Rokity, Ławki, Stawek, Rogowiec (Krzyszkowski 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995; Gruszka i in. 2003). Litologicznie są one wykształcone jako: osady piaszczysto- mułkowe, mułki, iły, iły warwowe, gliny zastoiskowe. Miąższości tych utworów wynoszą: 1÷10 m (f. Folwark); 25÷45m (f. Kuców); ~1 m (f. Rokity); 15÷55 m (f. Ławki); (f. Stawek); 2÷3 m + ? + <15 m (f. Rogowiec) (Krzyszkowski 1990; Gruszka i in. 2003). Już pierwsze prace wskazywały na genezę glacilimniczną oraz glacideltową (Hałuszczak 1982). Profil Kuców 16 został udokumentowany w 1994 r. przez D. Krzyszkowskiego, a obecnie jest opracowany przez zespół autorów. Analizowane osady zalegały w dolnym, zaburzonym piętrze strukturalnym, na wysokości 120-140 m n.p.m., przy wysokości ściany ca 200 m n.p.m., gdzie opisano także utwory formacji: Folwark, Kuców, Rokity, Ławki i Stawek

Wisconsinan Inter-Lobal Stratigraphy in Three Quarries Near Woodstock, Ontario

The Huron-Erie interlobate zone passes near Woodstock, Ontario. Three large limestone quarries (Zorra, Beachville West, Beachville East) provide exposures up to 30 m high of the drift stratigraphy. Grain size, matrix carbonate, color, structure, fabric, lithology, and sequence, along with continuous tracing of contacts and facies changes, allowed recognition of ten tills and related water-laid sediments correlated with the known stratigraphy in surrounding areas.Four major glacial events are recognized, three of Late Wisconsinan age. Three tongues of red, Erie lobe Canning Till (unknown age) are over-lain by a Nissouri Stadial (22-17 ka) Catfish Creek Drift complex (two till tongues, regional southwest ice flow). Similar, apparently correlative, glacial and non-glacial sediment sequences within Catfish Creek Drift at Zorra and Beachville West (Centreville Member) suggest a northwest-southeast-trending ice margin. Overlying this are Erie Interstadial (16 ka) glaciolacustrine sediments (Rayside beds), Port Bruce Stadial (15-14 ka) Erie lobe Port Stanley Till, glaciolacustrine Zorra beds, and final Port Bruce Stadial Huron lobe Tavistock Till (three tongues), and deglacial out-wash (Dunn's Corner gravels). Repeated glaciolacustrine sedimentation between tills may relate to glacioisostatically reduced gradients and nearby ice lobe margins. There is little evidence of Catfish Creek interlobate conditions and only independent lobal glacial advances later.La zone interlobaire des lacs Huron et Érié peut être étudiée dans la région de Woodstock. Trois grandes carrières de calcaire (Zorra, Beachville West et Beachville East) offrent des coupes jusqu'à 30 m de haut dans du matériel détritique. La granulométrie, la teneur en carbonate, la couleur, la structure, la fabrique, la lithologie et la séquence, ainsi que le tracé continu des contacts et des changements de faciès, ont permis de reconnaître dix tills et les sédiments lacustres reliés en corrélation avec la stratigraphie déjà connue dans les régions avoisinantes. On a identifié quatre principaux événements glaciaires, dont trois du Wisconsinien supérieur. Trois langues de Till de Canning rouge (âge inconnu) du lobe du lac Érié sont recouvertes par le Drift de Catfish Creek (deux langues de till d'écoulement sud-ouest) du Stade de Nissouri (22 à 17 ka). Des séquences de sédiments glaciaires et non glaciaires similaires et apparamment corrélatives à l'intérieur du complexe de Catfish Creek (membre de Centreville), à Zorra et Beachville West, laissent supposer l'existence d'une marge glaciaire de direction nord-ouest vers le sud-est. Recouvrant ces séquences, on trouve les sédiments glaciolacustres (couches de Rayside) de l'Interstade d'Érié (16 ka), le Till de Port Stanley du Stade de Port Bruce (15-14 ka) du lobe du lac Érié, les couches glaciolacustres de Zorra, le Till de Tavistock du Stade final de Port Bruce du lobe du lac Huron (trois langues) et enfin un épandage de retrait glaciaire (graviers de Dunn's Corner). La sédimentation glaciolacustre répétée entre les dépôts pourrait être associée à la diminution glacioisostatique des gradients et aux marges glaciaires avoisinantes. L'existence de conditions interlobaires au Catfish Creek est peu probable ; il y a plutôt eu des récurrences locales de type lobaire par la suite.Drei große Kalkstein-Steinbrüche (Zorra, Beachville West, Beachville East) liefern Aufschlüsse bis zu 30 m Höhe von der glazialen Schotter-Stratigraphie. Korngröße, Matrix-Karbonat, Farbe, Struktur, Textur, Lithologie und Stadium zusammen mit der kontinuierli- chen Aufzeichung der Kontakte und Fazies-Änderungen ließen 10 Tills und damit zusammenhängende Seen-Sedimente erkennen, die mit der bekannten Stratigraphie der angrenzenden Gebiete korrelieren. Man erkennt vier glaziale Hauptereignisse, drei davon aus der Zeit des Spät-Wisconsin.Drei Zungen roten Canning-Tills (Alter unbekannt) von der Lobe des Erie-Sees sind von dem Cat- fish Creek-Drift (zwei Till-Zungen, regionaler Eisfluss nach Südwest) aus dem Nissouri-Stadium (22-17 ka) überlagert. Ähnliche, offenbar entsprechende glaziale und nichtglaziale Sediment-Stadien innerhalb des Catfish Creek-Drifts bei Zorra und Beachville West (Glied von Centreville) lassen auf einen von Nordwesten nach Südosten gerichteten Eissaum schließen. Über diesem befinden sich glaziallimnische Sedimente (Schichten von Rayside) aus dem Erie-Interstadial (16 ka), Port Stanley-Till der Erie-Lobe aus dem Port Bruce-Stadial (15-14 ka), glaziallimnische Schichten von Zorra, Till von Tavistock des Endstadials von Port Bruce der Lobe des Huron-Sees (drei Zungen) und schließlich Anschwemmung von glazialem Rückzug (Kiesel von Dunn's Corner). Wiederholte glaziallimnische Sedimentierung zwischen den Tills könnte mit der Abnahme der glazioisostatischen Gefälle und den nahe gelegenen Säu- men der Eislobe zusammenhängen. Es gibt wenig Beweise für die Existenz von Catfish Creek-Interloben-Bedingungen. Es gab eher später unabhängige glaziale Rückvorstöße des Loben-Typs