Ontologization of mental representations for management purposes

The article considers the problems of ontologization of mental representations of a certain field of activity and the corresponding subject area for the purposes of management automation. For the first time, the authors raise the question about the need to include mental representations of the sphere of activity that the subject area reflects in the ontology of the subject area. Ontologization of mental representations is necessary to identify the participants' understanding of their actions, which will change approaches to management, and for deep training of artificial intelligence in order to transfer part of its management functions to it. On the basis of connectionist approaches to understanding thinking, the paper considers the processes of forming mental representations and changing their attributes. The article gives a new definition and typology of mental representations

Mechanisms for promoting audiovisual works on foreign OTT services

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of companies seeking to create digital platforms. Developing and investing in their own original content has opened up the opportunity for Russian services and companies to promote it on foreign platforms, gaining access to new markets and increasing attractiveness for potential foreign investors. The cultural content transmission works on the principle of streaming, which continuously delivers individualised information to the user via the Internet. Domestic OTT services, unlike TV channels, have not yet decided on their positioning. Platforms do not focus on individual segments, but on a variety of content that has a potential viewer. This strategy is aimed at attracting the maximum number of new subscribers. The emergence of streaming services has brought with it new opportunities for producers from various countries. In order to effectively promote audiovisual content, the authors justified and selected criteria for conducting a comparative analysis of mechanisms for promoting audiovisual works on foreign OTT services so that the company could choose the most appropriate one for itself

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS ON THE CONTENT OF RUSSIAN FEDERAL CHANNELS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION

The authors carry out a study of the influence of various factors on the content of Russian federal channels. Using content analysis of the broadcast data were obtained to identify the influence of factors, characteristic for the stage of formation of a consumer society in Russia on the content of television channels and the analysis of conformity of telecasts the authors developed, criteria that have been formed and considered together with current trends in society related to the digitalization processes, and preferences of Russians. Television is an important social institution that should not only reflect the current situation in society, but also broadcast certain behaviors, culture and values. Television content requires a lot of attention, because now there are significant changes in the individual in the new conditions of digital communication. Modern television content should move away from the simple model of mass culture, which is based on a standardized approach based on entertainment content. Content should take into account modern consumer values

Online cinemas competitive advantages formation

With the development of the Internet, consumers began to strive for unconventional ways of viewing content, which soon led to the development of video-on-demand services. Content costs are a strategic streaming services resource in the struggle to attract users, as competition in the field of streaming platforms becomes more and more acute every year. Under these conditions, the formation of original content makes it possible to increase the competitive advantage by changing the position of the main players in the market while winning and retaining the audience. The article investigated the factors that form the competitive advantages of online cinemas. Based on statistical data, the user experience was analysed according to the selected factors, because of which the leaders of the streaming service were selected and the active participation of exclusive content in the streaming services differentiation was revealed. Based on the results of the study on the factors generated, the authors concluded that almost all platforms have similar parameters, so the platform selection will depend on the quality level of its own content, which will allow the platform to provide itself with an additional competitive advantage

Evaluation of approaches to the regulation of digital film distribution

The article considers approaches to the state regulation of digital film distribution, evaluates them. The paper generalizes them in the form of proposals for anti-piracy regulation, promotion of original content of online cinemas in international markets, as well as for effective interaction of online cinemas with the Ministry of Culture and the Cinema Foundation. This will resolve the issue of serious competition to traditional cinemas, since the viewer has the opportunity to watch their favorite films without leaving home, and also related to the start of work on their own exclusive content of a large number of digital platforms. The state obliges digital platforms to provide information about the number of views of their content in a single automated information system. This information helps to assess the effectiveness of budget support for cinema, since there are examples of films that did not collect a large box office at the box office but were able to gain more than one million views on the Internet

Ways to implement artistic content on e-commerce platforms

Since the dawn of the digital world, people have been exploring ways to convert physical products into digital ones. At the moment there are few studies on the development and monetization of digital content. A problematic issue is the search for the most effective implementation of content on the distribution platform in order to obtain maximum economic benefits from it, provided that the main way to attract the target audience is through a social nerwork. This research is of a scientific and practical nature and aims to study the most effective ways to implement digital content, search for optimal management methods on the distribution platform, as well as study and analyze all the nuances of working on the Gumroad platform. Based on the developed criteria and the study of the possibilities of digital platforms, it was decided to manage the implementation of digital art content on this platform. Using the example of the presented project, the process of implementing digital art content from the first sales to stable income was considered. The target audience, its needs and features are considered and studied, as well as the most effective channels of implementation are analyzed. The features that affect demand are identified and analyzed

Production of hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines by erythroblast antigen(+ )and glycophorin A(+ )cells from human bone marrow

BACKGROUND: Erythroid nuclear cells (ENC) of the bone marrow (BM) have not previously been considered as important producers of wide spectrum of haemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines. The aim of the current work was to confirm the production of the main hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines in human ENC from BM. RESULTS: We used native human BM ENC in our experiments. We for the first time have shown, that the unstimulated erythroblasts (Gl A(+ )or AG-EB(+)) produced a wide spectrum of immunoregulatory cytokines. Human BM ENC produce cytokines such as interleukn (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10. They can be sub-divided into glycophorin A positive (Gl A(+)) and erythroblast antigen positive (AG-EB(+)) cells. To study potential differences in cytokine expression between these subsets, ENC were isolated and purified using specific antibodies to Gl A and AG-EB and the separated cells were cultivated for 24 hours. The cytokine contents of the supernatant were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Quantitative differences in TGF-β1 and TNF-α production were found between Gl A(+ )and AG-EB(+ )BM ENC. Furthermore, in vitro addition of erythropoietin (EPO) reduced IFN-γ and IL-2 production specifically by the AG-EB(+ )ENC. Thus, Gl A(+ )and AG-EB(+ )ENC produce IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and TNF-α. Gl A(+ )ENC also produce IL-10. CONCLUSION: Cytokine production by erythroid nuclear cells suggests that these cells might be involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells in human BM

T-cell number and subtype influence the disease course of primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia xenografts in alymphoid mice.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells require microenvironmental support for their proliferation. This can be recapitulated in highly immunocompromised hosts in the presence of T cells and other supporting cells. Current primary CLL xenograft models suffer from limited duration of tumour cell engraftment coupled with gradual T-cell outgrowth. Thus, a greater understanding of the interaction between CLL and T cells could improve their utility. In this study, using two distinct mouse xenograft models, we investigated whether xenografts recapitulate CLL biology, including natural environmental interactions with B-cell receptors and T cells, and whether manipulation of autologous T cells can expand the duration of CLL engraftment. We observed that primary CLL xenografts recapitulated both the tumour phenotype and T-cell repertoire observed in patients and that engraftment was significantly shorter for progressive tumours. A reduction in the number of patient T cells that were injected into the mice to 2-5% of the initial number or specific depletion of CD8+ cells extended the limited xenograft duration of progressive cases to that characteristic of indolent disease. We conclude that manipulation of T cells can enhance current CLL xenograft models and thus expand their utility for investigation of tumour biology and pre-clinical drug assessment

PEITC-mediated inhibition of mRNA translation is associated with both inhibition of mTORC1 and increased eIF2α phosphorylation in established cell lines and primary human leukemia cells.

Increased mRNA translation drives carcinogenesis and is an attractive target for the development of new anti-cancer drugs. In this work, we investigated effects of phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), a phytochemical with chemopreventive and anti-cancer activity, on mRNA translation. PEITC rapidly inhibited global mRNA translation in human breast cancer-derived MCF7 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In addition to the known inhibitory effects of PEITC on mTORC1 activity, we demonstrate that PEITC increased eIF2α phosphorylation. PEITC also increased formation of stress granules which are typically associated with eIF2α phosphorylation and accumulation of translationally stalled mRNAs. Analysis of genetically modified MEFs demonstrated that optimal inhibition of global mRNA translation by PEITC was dependent on eIF2α phosphorylation, but not mTORC1 inhibition. We extended this study into primary leukemic B cells derived from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). CLL cells were stimulated in vitro with anti-IgM to mimic binding of antigen, a major driver of this leukemia. In CLL cells, PEITC increased eIF2α phosphorylation, inhibited anti-IgM-induced mTORC1 activation and decreased both basal and anti-IgM-induced global mRNA translation. PEITC also inhibited transcription and translation of MYC mRNA and accumulation of the MYC oncoprotein, in anti-IgM-stimulated cells. Moreover, treatment of CLL cells with PEITC and the BTK kinase inhibitor ibrutinib decreased anti-IgM-induced translation and induced cell death to a greater extent than either agent alone. Therefore, PEITC can inhibit both global and mRNA specific translation (including MYC) via effects on multiple regulatory pathways. Inhibition of mRNA translation may contribute to the chemopreventive and anti-cancer effects of PEITC

IGHV sequencing reveals acquired N-glycosylation sites as a clonal and stable event during follicular lymphoma evolution.

Follicular lymphoma B cells undergo continuous somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their immunoglobulin variable region genes, generating a heterogeneous tumor population. SHM introduces DNA sequences encoding N-glycosylation sites asparagine-X-serine/threonine (N-gly sites) within the V-region that are rarely found in normal B-cell counterparts. Unique attached oligomannoses activate B-cell receptor signaling pathways after engagement with calcium-dependent lectins expressed by tissue macrophages. This novel interaction appears critical for tumor growth and survival. To elucidate the significance of N-gly site presence and loss during ongoing SHM, we tracked site behavior during tumor evolution and progression in a diverse group of patients through next-generation sequencing. A hierarchy of subclones was visualized through lineage trees based on SHM semblance between subclones and their discordance from the germline sequence. We observed conservation of N-gly sites in more than 96% of subclone populations within and across diagnostic, progression, and transformation events. Rare N-gly-negative subclones were lost or negligible from successive events, in contrast to N-gly-positive subclones, which could additionally migrate between anatomical sites. Ongoing SHM of the N-gly sites resulted in subclones with different amino acid compositions across disease events, yet the vast majority of resulting DNA sequences still encoded for an N-gly site. The selection and expansion of only N-gly-positive subclones is evidence of the tumor cells' dependence on sites, despite the changing genomic complexity as the disease progresses. N-gly sites were gained in the earliest identified lymphoma cells, indicating they are an early and stable event of pathogenesis. Targeting the inferred mannose-lectin interaction holds therapeutic promise