118 research outputs found

    Effect of albiglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in older adults: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial

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    Aim: To analyse the effects of albiglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist, on cardiovascular outcomes in older adults aged ≄65 years with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease who participated in the Harmony Outcomes trial (NCT02465515). Materials and methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of the primary endpoint of the Harmony Outcomes trial—time to first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event—in subgroups of participants aged <65 and ≄65 years and <75 and ≄75 years at baseline. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: The analysis population included 9462 Harmony Outcomes participants, including 4748 patients ≄65 and 1140 patients ≄75 years at baseline. Hazard ratios for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.53‐0.82) in persons <65 and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.71‐1.04) in those ≄65 years (age interaction p = .07), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67‐0.91) in <75 and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.48‐1.01) in ≄75 year age groups (interaction p = .6). When analysed as a continuous variable, age did not modify the effect of albiglutide on the primary endpoint. Conclusions: This post hoc analysis adds to the body of literature showing that glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists added to standard type 2 diabetes therapy safely reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in older adults with established cardiovascular disease. In this analysis, the risk‐benefit profile was similar between younger and older age groups treated with albiglutide

    Traumatic brain injury and peripheral immune suppression: primer and prospectus

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    Nosocomial infections are a common occurrence in patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with an increased risk of mortality, longer length of hospital stay and poor neurological outcome. Systemic immune suppression arising as a direct result of injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be primarily responsible for this increased incidence of infection, a view strengthened by recent studies that have reported novel changes in the composition and function of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system post TBI. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced immune suppression is equivocal at best. Here, after summarising our current understanding of the impact of TBI on peripheral immunity and discussing CNS-mediated regulation of immune function, we propose roles for a series of novel mechanisms in driving the immune suppression that is observed post TBI. These mechanisms, which have never been considered before in the context of TBI-induced immune paresis include the CNS-driven emergence into the circulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells and suppressive neutrophil subsets, and the release from injured tissue of nuclear and mitochondria-derived damage associated molecular patterns. Moreover, in an effort to further our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced changes in immunity, we pose throughout the review a series of questions, which if answered would address a number of key issues such as establishing whether manipulating peripheral immune function has potential as a future therapeutic strategy by which to treat and/or prevent infections in the hospitalised TBI patient

    Effects of levosimendan on inflammation and coagulation in vitro

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    HINTERGRUND Die Ruptur eines atherosklerotischen Plaques innerhalb einer epikardialen Koronararterie hat hĂ€ufig den thrombotischen Verschluss ebendieses GefĂ€ĂŸes als Folge. Dieses Ereignis, mit hĂ€ufig katastrophalen Folgen, wird als akuter Myokardinfarkt bezeichnet. Die durch den GefĂ€ĂŸverschluss ausgelöste Gewebshypoxie und der konsekutive Zelluntergang bewirken die Enstehung von Sauerstoffradikalen, welche eine starke Immunantwort innerhalb des Gewebes auslösen können. Die Bildung der beiden Zytokine Interleukin-1 und Tumor Nekrose Faktor alpha bewirken eine Aktivierung des mikrovaskulĂ€ren Endothels, welches beginnt sowohl Chemokine zu produzieren, als auch an der ZelloberflĂ€che AdhĂ€sionsmolekĂŒle zu expremieren, eine Reaktion welche die Anlockung, Anhaftung und Migration neutrophiler Granuloyzten in das myokardiale Gewebe zur Folge hat, was eine weitere GewebsschĂ€digung zur Folge hat. Die darĂŒber hinausgehede Produktion und Freisetzung pro-thrombotischer und anti-fibrinolytischer Mediatoren tragen zu dem regelmĂ€ĂŸig klinisch beobachteten „now-reflow“ PhĂ€nomen bei, welches definiert wird als Mangel an Myokardperfusion trotz angiographisch gesicherter Wiedereröffnung des GefĂ€ĂŸes. Levosimendan ist ein Inodilator fĂŒr die Therapie der akuten dekompensierten Herzinsuffizienz. Klinische Studien in Patienten mit akuter Herzinsuffizienz unterschiedlicher Genese haben bisher wiedersprĂŒchliche Ergebnisse geliefert. Interessanterweise war Levosimendan besonders effektiv in Patienten welche an einer Herzinsuffizienz im Rahmen eines akuten Myokardinfarkts litten. Unsere Hypothese war daher, dass Levosimendan anti-entzĂŒndliche Effekte in aktivierten kardialen Zellen aufweist und mit dem pro-thrombotischen PhĂ€notyp ebendieser Zellen interferiert. Dies könnte die kardioprotektiven Effekte welche aus der klinischen Praxis aber auch unter Studienbedingungen erkennbar waren zumindest teilweise erklĂ€ren. METHODEN Humane adulte kardiale Myozyten (HACM) sowie Endothelzellen unterschiedlicher Herkunft, inklusive humanen kardialen, mikrovaskulĂ€ren Endothelzellen (HHMEC), humanen aortalen Endothelzellen sowie Endothelzellen aus humanen Umbilicalvenen (HUVEC) wurden gewonnen, kultiviert und mit Interleukin-1ß sowie Thrombin stimuliert. Anschließend wurden die Zellen fĂŒr 2-48 Stunden mit Levosimendan in unterschiedlicher Konzentration (0.1 - 10 M) stimuliert und die Produktion und Expression des inflammatorischen Zytokins IL-6, des Granulozyten-anlockenden Chemokins IL-8 durch HACM sowie die Expression verschiedener AdhĂ€sionsmolekĂŒle sowie des pro-koagulatorischen Mediators „tissue factor“ (TF) und des anti-fibrinolytischen Proteins „plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1“ (PAI-1) mittels ELISA, rt-PCR und Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt. Weiters wurde der Einfluss von Levosimendan auf die GranulozytenadhĂ€sion an Endothelzellen sowohl unter statischen als auch unter Flussbedingungen getestet und der Einfluss von Levosimendan auf das NF-ΚB System untersucht. ERGEBNISSE Die Gabe von IL-1ß induzierte eine deutliche Produktion von IL-6 und IL-8 in HACM sowie eine starke Experssion von E-Selectin und intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) sowohl in HHMEC und HUVEC. Weiters wurde durch Gabe von IL-1ß und Thrombin die Produktion von PAI-1 und TF induziert. Die Behandlung dieser Zellen mit Levosimendan fĂŒhrte zeit- und dosisabhĂ€ngig zu einer deutlich reduzierten Produktion von sowohl IL-6 und IL-8 in HACM als auch E-Selectin, ICAM-1, TF und PAI-1 in Endothelzellen. Die reduzierte Expression von AdhĂ€sionsmolekĂŒlen fĂŒhrte zu einer Halbierung der Granulozytenbindung an das Endothel sowohl unter statischen- als auch unter Flußbedinungen. Die Behandlung mit 5-HD, einem selektiven Blocker mitochondrialer ATP-abhĂ€ngier KaliumkanĂ€le fĂŒhrte zu einer teilweisen Aufhebung dieser anti-entzĂŒndlichen Effekte. Ebenso fĂŒhrte die Behandlung mit Levosimendan zu einer Reduktion der Sauerstoffradikalproduktion. Mechanistisch betrachtet interferiert Levosimendan mit dem NFκB-System. Überraschenderweise verhindert Levosimendan weder die Phosphorylierung von IκBα, noch die nukleĂ€re Translokation oder DNA-Bindung der p50 und p65 Untereinheit, wĂ€hrend die NF-κB AktivitĂ€t deutlich eingeschrĂ€nkt wurde, wie durch durch Reporter-Gen Analysen gezeigt werden konnte. Diese Konstellation konnte durch post-translationelle Modifikation an der p65 Untereinheit erklĂ€rt werden, da Levosimendan die IL-1 induzierte Phosphorylierung von S536, einer Stelle welche an der transactivation domain 1 auf p65 lokalisiert ist inhibiert. KONKLUSION Der Inodilator Levosimendan schwĂ€cht die EntzĂŒndungsreaktion aktivierter kardialer Myozyten und Endothelzellen durch reduzierte Zytokinproduktion und Reduktion der GranulozytenadhĂ€sion an das Endothel deutlich ab. Sollten diese Effekte auch in vivo am Menschen aktiv sein, stellt dies eine mögliche ErklĂ€rung fĂŒr die protektiven Effekte von Levosimendan in Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt-bedingter Herzinsuffizienz dar.BACKGROUND The sudden rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque may cause thrombotic occlusion within an epicardial coronary artery, an often detrimental event termed myocardial infarction. Tissue hypoxia and cell necrosis trigger generation of reactive oxygen species and initiate a strong inflammatory response. A cytokine cascade is initiated by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production causing activation of the microvascular endothelium. Activated endothelial and myocardial cells produce chemokines and express adhesion molecules guiding polymorphonuclear neutrophils into the infarcted myocardial tissue causing further tissue damage. Production of pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic agents under these conditions may contribute to the no-reflow phenomenon defined as the lack of myocardial perfusion despite angiographically patent epicardial coronary vessels. Levosimendan is an inodilator used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. Clinical trials including heart failure patients from various etiologies yielded conflicting results. However, data suggests that levosimendan is particularly effective in heart failure due to myocardial infarction. We therefore hypothesized that levosimendan might exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on activated cardiac cells and interfere with the pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic phenotype of these cells, explaining some of the cardioprotective effects seen in clinical practice and studies METHODS Human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and endothelial cells of different origin, including human heart microvascular endothelial cells (HHMEC), human aortic endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultivated and stimulated with interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and thrombin. Cells were co-treated with levosimendan (0.1 - 10 M) for 2-48 hours and the expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, the granulocyte attracting chemokine IL-8 by HACM as well as the expression of adhesion molecules and the pro-coagulatory agents tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by endothelial cells (ECs) were measured by ELISA, rt-PCR and flow cytometry. Furthermore, PMN adhesion to endothelial cells was investigated under both static and flow conditions. Additionally, the involvement of the NF-ΚB pathway was studied. RESULTS IL-1ß strongly induced the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HACM and E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HHMEC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Furthermore, IL-1ß and thrombin markedly induced production of PAI-1 and tissue factor. Treatment with levosimendan strongly attenuated IL-1ß-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HACM as well as E-selectin, ICAM-1, TF and PAI-1 in ECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Levosimendan treatment further reduced adhesion of PMN to activated endothelial cells under both static and flow conditions by approximately 50%. Incubation with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a selective blocker of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels, partly abolished the above seen anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, levosimendan diminished IL-1ß-induced reactive oxygen species. Mechanistically, levosimendan interfered with the NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, levosimendan did not prevent IκBα phosphorylation, nuclear translocation or binding of p50 and p65 subunits of NF-κB to their target site, while NF-κB activity, evidenced by reporter gene analyses was inhibited. This is explained by the fact that levosimendan alters post-translational modification by preventing the IL-1 induced phosphorylation of S536, located in the transactivation domain 1 of p65. CONCLUSION Levosimendan dampens the inflammatory reaction of both activated cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells by reducing cytokine production, production of prothrombotic agents and reduction of granulocyte binding to the endothelium. If these effects are active in vivo, administration of levosimendan in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction might have beneficial effects due tsubmitted by Dr. med. univ. Konstantin KrychtiukZusammenfassung in deutscher SpracheAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersMedizinische UniversitĂ€t Wien, Dissertation, 2016OeBB(VLID)171578
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