Mathematical Approaches in Studying the Ideal Image of the Goal

The article outlines the possible approaches in the mathematical computations of integrated behavioral units in functional systems supporting homeostasis through in behavioral changes. By an imbalance in the homeostasis system which initiates adaptive behavior we assume: for metabolism – a departure of the parameters from the “normal zone” to the level of a suprathreshold sensitivity of the receptors; for structures of the psychological and social spectra – to the “cognized-not cognized”, “acceptable-not acceptable” levels. For the system analysis of goal-directed behavior dynamics, we present a combination of the “creation – retention” of the ideal image of the goal and the entire effector structure of the integrated behavioral unit by introducing an integrating term, motivational gradient. The integrated Behavioral Unit (BU) is described as a psychophysiological metamer in behavioral continuum, including a mathematical description of the BU as a whole including its elements viz., the ideal image of the goal and the motivational gradient. The hemodynamic equivalent of the motivational gradient (the scalar gradient) and subjective time (the time marker) are used as the BU markers. For the mathematical description, we use the mathematical apparatus of topological spaces and elements of the string theory to open up opportunities for new approaches in psychology and neurobiology

Synchronization of Wave Flows of Arterial and Venous Blood and Phases of the Cardiac Cycle with the Structure of the Peripheral Pulse Wave in Norm: Part 2

Hemodynamic indices studied in practically healthy people were obtained by catheterization in various vascular areas: the chambers of the heart (ventricles, atria, coronary sinus), pulmonary trunk, aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, right hepatic vein, and sigmoid sinus. Using the mean values of the hemodynamic parameters, we constructed graphics of the "curves" of the central, arterial, and venous pressure, synchronized with each other and an ECG, and with the radial pulse wave recorded by a non-invasive method. The obtained data, which demonstrate the projection coincidences of the characteristic points of peripheral pulse wave with the key indicators of the phases of cardiac cycle (CC), made it possible to transform the results obtained during the invasive examination into indicators of the non-invasive technique. This transformation became possible not only at the characteristic points of the deployed peripheral pulse wave, but in each anacrotic and dicrotic segment, which are understood as the projection areas of the synchronized hemodynamic and wave processes of the vascular bed. We believe it possible to catalog the forms of pulse waves, as well as their projection segments, to obtain accurate diagnostic information about the phases of CC and organ hemodynamics in humans in norm and with pathological conditions, using a non-invasive methood based on basic information obtained by invasive methods

Micellisation and aggregation of self-propelled hard circulangles.

Self-organization in active materials, inspired by biological systems, shows many features, not found in passive materials. In order to explore the influence of shape asymmetry, a new 2D shape, named a circulangle, is introduced. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional hard Brownian circulangles are presented. Self-propulsion is introduced by additional MC moves along particles' axes. The system undergoes transition from homogeneously distributed particles to micellar structures arranged in clusters/networks. Circulangles appear to be the first known self-propelled particles, which form micelles without attractive forces. The newly discovered phenomenon may have wide implications in design of (meta)materials for energy conversion and storage, sensorics, micromechanics, targeted drug delivery, swarm intelligence, etc

Synchronization of Wave Flows of Arterial and Venous Blood with Phases of the Cardiac Cycle in Norm: Part 1

Hemodynamic indices studied in practically healthy people were obtained by catheterization in various vascular areas: the chambers of the heart (left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium, coronary sinus), pulmonary trunk, aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, right hepatic vein, and sigmoid sinus. In the investigated areas, using the mean values of the hemodynamic parameters, we constructed graphics of the "curves" of the central, arterial, and venous pressure, synchronized with each other and ECG. Separation of a sequential scheme of the cardiac cycle (CC) into the phases indicated in the text allowed us to determine (on the superimposed curves) the points of intersection (equal pressure values—zeroing of the pressure gradients) of the hemodynamic and wave processes simultaneously occurring in various parts of the vascular bed (including those remote from the heart). As a result of the analysis, we propose a scheme (which is key to periodization of the CC phases) of the sequences of zones of temporal equalization of pressure (a rapidly acting matrix of pressure equalization points) initiated by the systole of the three-chamber ventricular block, part of which is the trigger mechanism for the next phase of CC

Arteriovenous Relationships in the Pathogenesis of Encephalopathy

The study aims at investigating the disturbance in intra- and extracranial interaction of arterial and venous vessels in stable arterial hypertension (SAH) and building a model of vascular relationships in the system: inflow – the exchange field of cerebral blood flow – outflow. Baseline data were obtained by catheterization through a probe that was wedged in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein, where the hemodynamic and biochemical parameters of cerebral blood flow were obtained. Arterial blood was collected from the thoracic aorta. We performed the correlation and factor analyses of the relationship between the parameters of inflow and outflow to the skull in SAH patients compared with those in the control group. The identified differences led to the following conclusions: There is a loss of homeostatic control for the hemodynamic (extra- and intracerebral) and biochemical regulation in SAH; the high-energy processes of the aortic chamber (systolic and pulse pressure) spread to the bloodstream of the brain; the damping function of carotid siphons is impaired; cerebral venous stasis is formed; increased pressure in the microvascular venous network of the brain is defined; and a loss of the homeostatic control of the rheological properties of blood is defined. The loss of extracranial regulation of intracranial venous pressure in SAH leads to venous plethora of the intracerebral vessels, increasing the “booster" pressure in the microvasculature, and circulatory hypoxia of brain tissues. The consequences of these changes are metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances in energy supply for activated neurons, as well as circulatory hypoxia resulting in disturbances of the regulatory function of the nervous system and mental activity, and the development of hypertonic angioencephalopathy

The Reforms in Russia: Exhausting Running on the Spot

In this article negative consequences of the carrying out in Russia in last 25 years reforms are studied. Such reforms are in education, agriculture, social and pensionary maintenance, home and communal economy, police and other brunches. These reforms’ primary flaw is shown. It is the absolute alienation at the vital interests of Russian people and simultaneously the orientation to serving mercenary interests of the world financial oligarchy