In vivo measurement of glycine with short echo-time 1H MRS in human brain at 7 T

Object: To determine whether glycine can be measured at 7 T in human brain with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Materials and methods: The glycine singlet is overlapped by the larger signal of myo-inositol. Density matrix simulations were performed to determine the TE at which the myo-inositol signal was reduced the most, following a single spin-echo excitation. 1H MRS was performed on an actively shielded 7 T scanner, in five healthy volunteers. Results: At the TE of 30ms, the myo-inositol signal intensity was substantially reduced. Quantification using LCModel yielded a glycine-to-creatine ratio of 0.14 ±0.01, with a Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of 7 ± 1%. Furthermore, quantification of metabolites other than glycine was possible as well, with a CRLB mostly below 10%. Conclusion: It is possible to detect glycine at 7 T in human brain, at the short TE of 30ms with a single spin-echo excitation schem

Eddy current effects on a clinical 7T-68cm bore scanner

Introduction: Eddy currents induced by switching of magnetic field gradients can lead to distortions in short echo-time spectroscopy or diffusion weighted imaging. In small bore magnets, such as human head-only systems, minimization of eddy current effects is more demanding because of the proximity of the gradient coil to conducting structures. Methods: In the present study, the eddy current behavior achievable on a recently installed 7 tesla—68cm bore head-only magnet was characterized. Results: Residual effects after compensation were shown to be on the same order of magnitude as those measured on two whole body systems (3 and 4.7 T), while using two to three fold increased gradient slewrate

Atlas-free Brain Tissue Segmentation Using a Single T1-weighted MRI Acquisition

Many studies investigating the aging brain or disease-induced brain alterations rely on accurate and reproducible brain tissue segmentation. Being a preliminary processing step prior to the segmentation, reliableskull-stripping the removal ofnon-brain tissue is also crucial for all later image assessment. Typically, segmentation algorithms rely on an atlas i.e. pre-segmented template data. Brain morphology, however, differs considerably depending on age, sex and race. In addition, diseased brains may deviate significantly from the atlas information typically gained from healthy volunteers. The imposed prior atlas information can thus lead to degradation of segmentation results. The recently introduced MP2RAGE sequence provides a bias-free T1 contrast with heavily reduced T2*- and PD-weighting compared to the standard MP-RAGE [1]. To this end, it acquires two image volumes at different inversion times in one acquisition, combining them to a uniform, i.e. homogenous image. In this work, we exploit the advantageous contrast properties of the MP2RAGE and combine it with a Dixon (i.e. fat-water separation) approach. The information gained by the additional fat image of the head considerably improves the skull-stripping outcome [2]. In conjunction with the pure T1 contrast of the MP2RAGE uniform image, we achieve robust skull-stripping and brain tissue segmentation without the use of an atla

TrueCISS: Genuine bSSFP Signal Reconstruction from Undersampled Multiple-Acquisition SSFP Using Model-Based Iterative Non-Linear Inversion

Balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) is prone to local field inhomogeneities, typically appearing as signal voids, i.e. banding-artifacts. A new method, termed true constructive interference in steady state (trueCISS), is proposed based on the acquisition of eight highly undersampled bSSFP k-spaces with different radio-frequency (RF) phase increments. A model-based non-linear inversion is used to fit the bSSFP signal model onto the undersampled data, effectively estimating parameter maps that allow synthesizing the genuine bSSFP signal over the whole image, thus without any noticeable banding artifacts

Eddy current effects on a clinical 7T-68 cm bore scanner

Eddy currents induced by switching of magnetic field gradients can lead to distortions in short echo-time spectroscopy or diffusion weighted imaging. In small bore magnets, such as human head-only systems, minimization of eddy current effects is more demanding because of the proximity of the gradient coil to conducting structures

Prospective head motion correction using FID-guided on-demand image navigators

PURPOSE: We suggest a motion correction concept that employs free-induction-decay (FID) navigator signals to continuously monitor motion and to guide the acquisition of image navigators for prospective motion correction following motion detection. METHODS: Motion causes out-of-range signal changes in FID time series that, and in this approach, initiate the acquisition of an image navigator. Co-registration of the image navigator to a reference provides rigid-body-motion parameters to facilitate prospective motion correction. Both FID and image navigator are integrated into a prototype magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequence. The performance of the method is investigated using image quality metrics and the consistency of brain volume measurements. RESULTS: Ten healthy subjects were scanned (a) while performing head movements (nodding, shaking, and moving in z-direction) and (b) to assess the co-registration performance. Mean absolute errors of 0.27 +/- 0.38 mm and 0.19 +/- 0.24 degrees for translation and rotation parameters were measured. Image quality was qualitatively improved after correction. Significant improvements were observed in automated image quality measures and for most quantitative brain volume computations after correction. CONCLUSION: The presented method provides high sensitivity to detect head motion while minimizing the time invested in acquiring navigator images. Limits of this implementation arise from temporal resolution to detect motion, false-positive alarms, and registration accuracy

Eddy current effects on a clinical 7T-68 cm bore scanner.

INTRODUCTION: Eddy currents induced by switching of magnetic field gradients can lead to distortions in short echo-time spectroscopy or diffusion weighted imaging. In small bore magnets, such as human head-only systems, minimization of eddy current effects is more demanding because of the proximity of the gradient coil to conducting structures. METHODS: In the present study, the eddy current behavior achievable on a recently installed 7 tesla-68 cm bore head-only magnet was characterized. RESULTS: Residual effects after compensation were shown to be on the same order of magnitude as those measured on two whole body systems (3 and 4.7 T), while using two to three fold increased gradient slewrates

Surface-based characteristics of the cerebellar cortex visualized with ultra-high field MRI

Although having a relatively homogeneous cytoarchitectonic organization, the cerebellar cortex is a heterogeneous region characterized by different amounts of myelin, iron and protein expression profiles. In this study, we used quantitative T1 and T2* mapping at ultra-high field (7T) MRI to investigate the tissue characteristics of the cerebellar gray matter surface and its layers. Detailed subject-specific surfaces were generated at three different cortical depths and averaged across subjects to create averaged T1 and T2* maps on the cerebellar surface. T1 surfaces showed an alternation of lower and higher T1 values when going from the median to the lateral part of the cerebellar hemispheres. In addition, longer T1 values were observed in the more superficial gray matter layers. T2* maps showed a similar longitudinal pattern, but no change related to the cortical depths. These patterns are possibly due to variations in the level of myelination, iron and zebrin protein expression

MARTINI and GRAPPA - When Speed is Taste

In this work we investigate the combination of Model-based Accelerated RelaxomeTry by Iterative Nonlinear Inversion (MARTINI) with Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) to further accelerate and improve the reconstruction quality of T2 maps. GRAPPA is used to interpolate missing k-space lines of two-fold subsampled blocks of the MARTINI scheme prior to the MARTINI reconstruction. Images from an analytical phantom and in-vivo datasets are investigated. Resulting T2 maps of nominal 10-fold accelerated whole brain exams (1:40 minutes scans) are qualitatively and quantitatively compared to the reconstruction of the fully sampled and conventional 5-fold accelerated MARTINI datasets