Formation, structure, and optical properties of single-phase CaSi and CaSi2 films on Si substrates

In this paper, we report on optimizing the conditions for subsequently growing single-phase films of calcium monosilicide (CaSi) and calcium disilicide (CaSi2) on single-crystal silicon by reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The temperature range for the growth of CaSi films (400–500 °C) was determined, as well as the temperature range (600–680°C) for the growth of CaSi2 films on silicon with three orientations: (111), (100) and (110). The minimum temperatures for the epitaxial growth of CaSi films by the RDE method and CaSi2 films by the MBE method were determined, amounting to, respectively, T = 475 °C and T = 640 °C. An increase in the ratio of Ca to Si deposition rates to 26 made it possible to grow a large-block CaSi2 epitaxial film with the hR6 structure by the MBE method at T = 680 °C. Raman spectra and reflection spectra from single-phase epitaxial CaSi and CaSi2 films on silicon were recorded and identified for the first time. The correspondence between the experimental reflection spectra and the theoretically calculated reflection spectra in terms of amplitude and peak positions at photon energies of 0.1–6.5 eV has been established. Single-phase CaSi and CaSi2 films retain transparency in the photon energy range 0.4–1.2 eV

Ca silicide films—promising materials for silicon optoelectronics

Single-phase films of semiconductor and semimetallic calcium silicides (Ca2Si, CaSi, and CaSi2), as well as films with a significant contribution of Ca5Si3 and Ca14Si19 silicides, were grown on single-crystal silicon and sapphire substrates. The analysis of the crystal structure of the grown films was carried out and the criterion of their matching with silicon and sapphire substrates was determined. Some lattice-matching models were proposed, and the subsequent deformations of the silicide lattices were estimated. Film’s optical functions, including the optical transparency, were calculated from the optical spectroscopy data and an extended comparison was performed with the results of ab initio calculations. The real limits of the optical transparency for the films on sapphire substrates were established. The maximum transparency limit (3.9 eV) was observed for the CaSi film. Based on an analysis of the photoelectric properties of Ca2Si/Si diodes on n- and p-type silicon substrates, a perspective of their applications in silicon optoelectronics was discussed

РАЗВИТИЕ ТОВАРНОГО РЫБОВОДСТВА В НОВОСИБИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

In the food import substitution system fish-breeding plays an important part in internal water bodies. Novosibirsk region owns nearly 4000 lakes which area totals 558 thousand hectares. This is one of the unique territories where large-scale marketable fish-breeding may advance. At the present time the region occupies the fourth place for the amount of caught and hatchery-grown fishes in Russia. To achieve good results became possible due to governmental support for the fishery of the region. Marketable fish-farming has a good advance in Novosibirsk region territory on the basis of the institutionary targeted program «State support for the development of marketable fish-farming in the territory of Novosibirsk region for the years 2011–2013». Yearly funding the program from the regional budget of Novosobirsk region makes up about 70.0 mln. rubles in 2011–2013. The industrial fishery turnover involves 87 lakes. They are employed to grow fishes. In 2013 the region produced 1201.8 tons of marketable fishes. Over 4 years, since the program had been adopted to support fisheries, fish production in the region has gone up 16 times as much. The fish-farming advance is facilitated by the system of continuous training of the industry specialists that is arranged and implemented by the Chair of Biology, Bioresources and Aquaculture of Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. The implementation follows the system: undergraduate – Master student – research worker – producer.В  системе импортозамещения продуктов питания важное значение имеет производство рыбы на внутренних водоемах. На территории Новосибирской области находится около 4000 озер общей площадью 558 тыс. га. Это одна из уникальных территорий, на которой возможно развивать широкомасштабное товарное разведение рыбы. В  настоящее время область занимает четвертое место по объему выращенной и  выловленной рыбы в России. Достичь хороших результатов стало возможным за счет государственной поддержки рыбного хозяйства области. Развитие товарного рыбоводства на территории Новосибирской области проводится на основе ведомственной целевой программы «Государственная поддержка развития товарного рыбоводства на территории Новосибирской области на 2011–2013  годы». Ежегодное финансирование программы из областного бюджета Новосибирской области в 2011–2013 гг. составляет около 70,0 млн руб. В промышленный оборот рыбного хозяйства вовлечены 87 озер. Они используются для выращивания рыбы. В 2013 г. в области произведено 1201,8 т товарной рыбы. За четыре года, прошедших с момента принятия программы поддержки рыбного хозяйства в  области, производство рыбы возросло в 16 раз. Развитию рыбоводства содействует система непрерывного обучения специалистов отрасли, организованная и реализуемая в Новосибирском госагроуниверситете кафедрой биологии, биоресурсов и аквакультуры. Ее реализация идет в системе «студент – магистрант – научный работник – производственник»

Ion Sources for Energy Extremes of Ion Implantation.

For the past four years a joint research and development effort designed to develop steady state, intense ion sources has been in progress with the ultimate goal to develop ion sources and techniques, which meet the two energy extreme range needs of mega-electron-volt and 100's of electron-volt ion implanters. This endeavor has already resulted in record steady state output currents of high charge state of Antimony and Phosphorous ions: P{sup 2+} (8.6 pmA), P{sup 3+} (1.9 pmA), and P{sup 4+} (0.12 pmA) and 16.2, 7.6, 3.3, and 2.2 pmA of Sb{sup 3+} Sb{sup 4+}, Sb{sup 5+}, and Sb{sup 6+} respectively. For low energy ion implantation our efforts involve molecular ions and a novel plasmaless/gasless deceleration method. To date, 1 emA of positive Decaborane ions were extracted at 10 keV and smaller currents of negative Decaborane ions were also extracted. Additionally, Boron current fraction of over 70% was extracted from a Bemas-Calutron ion source, which represents a factor of 3.5 improvement over currently employed ion sources

Using Shifts in Amino Acid Frequency and Substitution Rate to Identify Latent Structural Characters in Base-Excision Repair Enzymes

Protein evolution includes the birth and death of structural motifs. For example, a zinc finger or a salt bridge may be present in some, but not all, members of a protein family. We propose that such transitions are manifest in sequence phylogenies as concerted shifts in substitution rates of amino acids that are neighbors in a representative structure. First, we identified rate shifts in a quartet from the Fpg/Nei family of base excision repair enzymes using a method developed by Xun Gu and coworkers. We found the shifts to be spatially correlated, more precisely, associated with a flexible loop involved in bacterial Fpg substrate specificity. Consistent with our result, sequences and structures provide convincing evidence that this loop plays a very different role in other family members. Second, then, we developed a method for identifying latent protein structural characters (LSC) given a set of homologous sequences based on Gu's method and proximity in a high-resolution structure. Third, we identified LSC and assigned states of LSC to clades within the Fpg/Nei family of base excision repair enzymes. We describe seven LSC; an accompanying Proteopedia page (http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Fpg_Nei_Protein_Family) describes these in greater detail and facilitates 3D viewing. The LSC we found provided a surprisingly complete picture of the interaction of the protein with the DNA capturing familiar examples, such as a Zn finger, as well as more subtle interactions. Their preponderance is consistent with an important role as phylogenetic characters. Phylogenetic inference based on LSC provided convincing evidence of independent losses of Zn fingers. Structural motifs may serve as important phylogenetic characters and modeling transitions involving structural motifs may provide a much deeper understanding of protein evolution