Molecular confirmation of the occurrence in Germany of <it>Anopheles daciae</it> (Diptera, Culicidae)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Anopheles daciae</it>, a newly described member of the Maculipennis group, was recently reported from western, southern and eastern Europe. Before its recognition, it had commonly been listed under the name of <it>An. messeae</it>, due to its extreme morphological and genetic similarities. As the sibling species of the Maculipennis group are known to differ in their vector competences for malaria parasites and other pathogens, the occurrence of <it>An. daciae</it> in a given region might have an impact on the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquito collections from different localities in Germany were therefore screened for <it>An. daciae</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adult and immature Maculipennis group mosquitoes were collected between May 2011 and June 2012 at 23 different sites in eight federal states of Germany. A standard PCR assay was used to differentiate the previously known sibling species while the ITS2 rDNA of specimens preliminarily identified as <it>An. messeae</it>/<it>daciae</it> was sequenced and analysed for species-specific nucleotide differences.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four hundred and seventy-seven <it>Anopheles</it> specimens were successively identified to Maculipennis group level by morphology and to species level by DNA-based methods. Four species of the Maculipennis group were registered: <it>An. messeae</it> (n = 384), <it>An. maculipennis</it> (n = 82), <it>An. daciae</it> (n = 10) and <it>An. atroparvus</it> (n = 1). <it>Anopheles daciae</it> occurred at four sites in three federal states of Germany, three of the sites being located in north-eastern Germany (federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony) while one collection site was situated in the northern Upper Rhine Valley in the federal state of Hesse, south-western Germany.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The detection of <it>An. daciae</it> represents the first recognition of this species in Germany where it was found to occur in sympatry with <it>An. messeae</it> and <it>An. maculipennis</it>. As the collection sites were in both north-eastern and south-western parts of Germany, the species is probably even more widely distributed in Germany than demonstrated, albeit apparently with low population densities. Research is needed that confirms the species status of <it>An. daciae</it> and elucidates its vector competence as compared to <it>An. messeae</it> and the other species of the Maculipennis group, in order to optimize management of possible future outbreaks of diseases caused by pathogen transmission through Maculipennis group mosquitoes.</p