24 research outputs found

    Pine weevil feeding in Scots pine and Norway spruce regenerations

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    Damage caused by the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L) feeding on conifer seedlings is a major problem in reforested areas in many parts of Europe. The adult weevil feeds on the stem-bark of young seedlings, frequently killing a large proportion of newly planted seedlings. The aims of the studies underlying this thesis were to investigate whether additional food supplies could decrease the damage caused by pine weevil to seedlings, and to determine whether access to extra food might explain why seedlings beneath shelter trees receive less damage from pine weevils compared to seedlings planted in a clear-cutting. A survey was conducted to study what effect removing shelter trees has on the level of damage pine weevils cause to seedlings. Finally, the influence of factors including fertilization, establishment and soil scarification on the growth and tolerance of Norway spruce seedlings to pine weevil feeding was studied. Pine weevil damage to seedlings was significantly reduced when extra food (fresh branches of Scots pine) was regularly provided nearby. Feeding by pine weevils in the crowns of large trees occurred during a limited period following their migratory flight but did not seem to be sufficient enough to explain the lower feeding pressure observed on seedlings in shelterwoods over the entire season. During the first year after cutting, roots in the humus layer seemed to be an important food source but were utilized to similar extent in both clear-cuts and shelterwoods. Thus, findings reported provided valuable knowledge about pine weevil feeding on seedlings and other food sources but could not fully explain why seedlings planted beneath shelter trees receive less pine weevil damage compared to seedlings planted on an open clear-cutting. Before the removal of shelter trees, Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings need to have reached diameters of 10-12 mm in order to avoid lethal levels of damage from pine weevil attack. Loading Norway spruce seedlings with nutrients in the autumn before plantation did not lead to more feeding from pine weevils. Treatments that postpone the start of pine weevil feeding enhanced the ability of seedlings to sustain pine weevil damage later on, probably as a result of reduced stress allowing a more rapid establishment of seedlings

    Damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis to seedlings of two native and five introduced tree species in Sweden

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    There is increasing interest in using introduced species in Swedish forestry in response to climate change, but it is important to assess their resistance to native pests. Thus, we compared the extent of pine weevil feeding on two dominant native conifers, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), the non-host deciduous broadleaf hybrid aspen (Populus x wettsteinii Hamet-Ahti) and four introduced conifers: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), hybrid larch (Larix x marschlinsii Coaz), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). The extent of feeding damage on seedlings and its effect on their vitality were examined in a field study in south-central Sweden and a laboratory experiment, which gave largely consistent results. Generally, the species most heavily attacked by the pine weevil, in both experiments, were Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. In the field experiment pine weevils killed or severely damaged significantly higher proportions of Douglas fir and Sitka spruce seedlings (60%) than any other species except Norway spruce (49%). Among conifer seedlings the proportions of killed or severely damaged seedlings were lowest for Scots pine and hybrid larch (27%) and Lodgepole pine (36%). The results indicate that most conifer species planted on young clear-cuttings in Sweden need some kind of pine weevil protection, and the possibility that introducing new tree species might increase damage caused by pests must be considered. For instance, widespread use of hybrid aspen could reduce damage by pine weevils, but increase damage by other, untested pests or pathogens

    Measures against pine weevil Hylobius abietis also reduce damage by Hylastes cunicularius and Hylastes brunneus

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    Hylastes species are known to cause damage to conifers in plantations in northern Sweden, and in recent years an increase in seedling damage has been observed in southern Sweden. However, there are few studies on Hylastes spp and the damage it can cause, so there is a lack of knowledge regarding pest management. In order to investigate an eventual interaction between damage by Hylastes spp and the more well-known Hylobius abietis (L) we registered damage by these species. Unprotected spruce seedlings were compared with seedlings protected from Hylobius abietis by a mechanical coating or with an insecticide. The effect of mechanical site preparation (MSP) was studied, with half of the seedlings being planted in unprepared soil and the other half after MSP. Both seedling protection and MSP significantly reduced the level of damage caused by Hylastes spp. MSP reduced the proportion of affected and killed seedlings and reduced the level of damage at the root collar. Protecting the seedlings reduced the level of damage, and no difference was found between seedlings treated with an insecticide and those provided with a coating. Similar responses were observed with both containerized and plug plus seedlings. In conclusion, measures against Hylobius abietis seem to also prevent damage by Hylastes spp

    Effect of drought and pine weevil damage on mechanically protected Norway spruce seedlings

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    Pine weevils (Hylobius abietis L.) pose a significant threat to conifer seedlings by feeding on the bark, thus damaging or killing seedlings. Historically, insecticides were used to suppress such damage, but were slowly phased out in Sweden due to environmental and health concerns. This study aimed to assess field performance of an alternative protection method: mechanical coating applied to the stem of planted Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings. Field trials were conducted on 14 sites in south Sweden, using four different types of mechanical protection (Cambiguard, Conniflex, Ekovax, Hylonox), standard insecticide (Merit Forest), and ambient control. Seven sites were established in the drought year of 2018 and seven more in 2019. This allowed for additional investigation of the effect of drought on seedling establishment and possible interaction with pine weevil damage. Seedlings were surveyed for survival and height after the first, second and fourth growing season. Results show drought as the main source of damage for seedlings planted in 2018, with no significant effect of insecticide or mechanical protection on survival of seedlings. However, mechanical protections performed equally well as insecticide and positively increased survival by 30 %, compared to untreated, four growing seasons after planting for seedlings planted in 2019. Seedling height was not significantly affected by planting year or any of the treatments, suggesting no adverse effects of coating application. However, a synergistic effect between pine weevil damage and drought was observed, where even low levels of pine weevil damage resulted in high mortality for seedlings planted in 2018, compared to those planted in 2019. Additionally, for seedlings planted in 2019, damage to the top of the stem did not result in significant mortality, until high damage levels were reached (40 % and above). The opposite was found for seedlings planted in a 2018 drought year, where both damage to the top and the bottom of the stem followed a linear response. In conclusion, we show that investigated mechanical protection methods can be considered a viable replacement for insecticides, but our results also highlight the importance of considering multiple environmental stressors such as drought and pest damage on seedling establishment

    Snytbaggen

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    BarrtrÀdsplantor som planterats efter avverkning blir ofta dödade av snytbaggens gnag. Men genom olika ÄtgÀrder kan skadorna minskas till en acceptabel nivÄ. Vilka metoder du bör vÀlja beror bland annat pÄ var i landet hygget ligger. Denna broschyr syftar till att förklara vilken effekt pÄ plantskadorna olika ÄtgÀrder ger och hur de kan kombineras i olika delar av Sverige

    Överlevnad, höjd och skador i odlingstester och proveniensförsök med douglasgran i södra Sverige

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    Den pĂ„gĂ„ende klimatförĂ€ndringen pĂ„verkar odlingsförutsĂ€ttningarna för sĂ„vĂ€l inhemska som icke inhemska arter. Douglasgran (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) Ă€r ett av de trĂ€dslag som anses kunna vĂ€xa bra i ett förĂ€ndrat klimat och skulle kunna bli ett komplement till t.ex. granen i nĂ„got större omfattning Ă€n vad som Ă€r fallet idag. En av de faktorer som hĂ€mmar en sĂ„dan ökad etablering Ă€r kunskap om och tillgĂ„ng till lĂ€mpliga provenienser. Med utgĂ„ngspunkt i befintliga svenska proveniensförsök införskaffade Södra skog och SkogForsk 2007 ett fröparti frĂ„n British Columbia, Kanada, bestĂ„ende av sju provenienser av douglasgran. Fyra av dessa var kustnĂ€ra, latitud 48–52°N, och de övriga tre hĂ€rstammar frĂ„n det inlandet, latitud 50°N. Plantor frĂ„n dessa frön odlades upp och under 2009 och 2010 anlades odlingstester dĂ€r provenienserna ingick. I odlingstesterna ingĂ„r 12 lokaler och pĂ„ dessa har inventeringar genomförts efter en, tre och sex vĂ€xtsĂ€songer. PĂ„ fem av dessa lokaler gjordes en radvis inblandning av hybridlĂ€rk (Larix × marschlinsii Coaz) och pĂ„ tvĂ„ lokaler planterades förutom douglasgran Ă€ven vanlig gran gran (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Ett proveniensförsök anlades 2010 i Tönnersjöhedens försökspark dĂ€r de sju provenienserna ingĂ„r och detta försök har inventerats pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som odlingstesterna. Under vĂ„ren 2013 drabbades mĂ„nga föryngringar av vinterfrosttorka och dĂ„ gjordes en sĂ€rskild uppföljning av odlingstesterna och proveniensförsöket. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader i överlevnad mellan de olika provenienserna, varken efter en eller tre tillvĂ€xtsĂ€songer i odlingstesterna. Inlandsprovenienserna Larch Hills och Three Valley hade signifikant högre överlevnad (76 och 71 %) Ă€n kustprovenienserna Caycuse River och Bowser Heaman (50 och 48 %), efter sex vĂ€xtsĂ€songer. Bowser Heaman-plantorna var signifikant högre (2,09 m) Ă€n Three Valley-plantorna (1,67 m), efter sex vĂ€xtsĂ€songer. I övrigt fanns inga signifikanta höjdskillnader mellan provenienserna i nĂ„got av experimenten vid nĂ„gon tidpunkt. Medelhöjden för de 10 högsta trĂ€den tenderade att vara svagt positivt korrelerad med högre temperatursumma för provenienser frĂ„n kusten, medan detta samband inte kunde ses för inlandsprovenienserna. Resultaten visar att det Ă€r hög risk för avgĂ„ngar i stora delar av Götaland om man inte anvĂ€nder tillrĂ€ckligt hĂ€rdiga provenienser för vĂ„rt klimat. De hĂ€rdigare inlandsprovenienserna Ă€r dĂ€rför troligen att föredra, med undantag för gynnsamma klimatzoner i sydligaste Sverige och vissa kustnĂ€ra omrĂ„den. NĂ€r mĂ„nga plantor i SmĂ„land fick skador av vinterfrosttorka i april 2013, drabbades kustprovenienserna av douglasgran hĂ„rdare Ă€n de frĂ„n inlandet. Orsaken kan vara att kustproveniensernas senare invintring kan medföra skador pĂ„ hösten. De var dĂ„ redan försvagade eller kanske till och med döda vĂ„ren dĂ€rpĂ„. Detta ger ytterligare fog för en rekommendation att anvĂ€nda de hĂ€rdigare inlandsprovenienserna, med tidigare invintring, i stora delar av Götaland

    Odlingstester och proveniensförsök med douglasgran i södra Sverige

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    KlimatförÀndringar kommer sannolikt att pÄverka svenska skogar pÄ mÄnga sÀtt. Vissa arter gynnas, kanske med ökad tillvÀxt, andra missgynnas med ökad risk för skador m.m. FörÀndringar i klimatet kan ocksÄ Àndra vÀxtförhÄllanden till förmÄn för andra arter Àn vÄra inhemska trÀdslag, sÄ att de skulle kunna vÀxa bÀttre eller Ätminstone lika bra som de inhemska i vissa omrÄden. Douglasgranen (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) skulle kunna vara ett sÄdant trÀdslag och med tanke pÄ dess virkesegenskaper och avkastning vore detta av stort intresse. Douglasgranen har odlats i Sverige under de senaste hundra Ären, men i mycket begrÀnsad omfattning. Den kan vÀxa bra i södra Sverige men under etableringsfasen kan den drabbas av skador sÄsom frost, frosttorka, viltbete och snytbaggeskador. I de flesta praktiska planteringar som tidigare gjorts i södra Sverige har provenienser frÄn kustnÀra omrÄden i norra USA eller frÄn British Columbia i Kanada anvÀnts. Den hÀr rapporten beskriver arbetet med att genomföra en omfattande studie dÀr provenienser frÄn British Columbia har anvÀnts, bÄde frÄn kustomrÄden och frÄn inlandet. HÀr beskrivs hur anskaffningen av frömaterial gick till, hur plantorna odlades upp och hur de senare planterades ut pÄ ett antal lokaler i södra Sverige, framför allt under Ären 2009 och 2010. Rapporten beskriver ocksÄ anvisningarna som gavs om hur anlÀggningen av försöksplanteringarna skulle gÄ till samt hur uppföljningen har genomförts och dokumenterats. I resultatdelen redovisas de preliminÀra resultaten efter 1,5 Är i fÀlt. NÀr tre-Ärs-mÀtningar Àr gjorda kommer detta att dokumenteras mer utförligt i en sÀrskild rapport. De preliminÀra resultaten för 2009 Ärs planteringar (8 lokaler) som inventerades vÄren 2011, visade att inlandsprovenienser hade en högre överlevnad jÀmfört med kustnÀra. För de planteringar som gjordes 2010 (5 lokaler) var inte resultaten lika entydiga. Det fanns inga skillnader i genomsnittlig överlevnad mellan provenienserna och alla provenienser drabbades av en hög andel skador av frost, snytbagge och viltbetning. Variationen mellan lokaler var genomgÄende stor för bÄda planteringsÄren. Resultaten efter 3 Är blir dÀrför intressanta och kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra med att ge en tydligare bild av överlevnad, tillvÀxt och etablering av douglasgran i södra Sverige. En viktig slutsats utifrÄn denna studie Àr ocksÄ att vi behöver mer kunskap kring etablering av douglasgran i Sverige
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