Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients: spectrum of clinical, echocardiographic presentation and to propose a new classification on the basis of trans-thoracic-two-dimensional echocardiography

An atrial septal aneurysm is a rare but well recognized cardiac abnormality of uncertain clinical relevance. ASA is definitively associated with congenital and acquired heart diseases but also can be presented as an isolated and totally asymptomatic entity. On the basis of our TTE finding we are proposing a new classification of ASA. We have classified ASA in to two major types: (A) Localized, and (B) Generalized. Both major types are further Sub-classified into 5 possible types on the basis of movements of ASA. New classification of ASA is as follows (1) A/B Type 1R: if the bulging is in the RA only (2) A/B  Type 2L: if the bulging is in the LA only (3) A / B  Type 3RL : if the major excursion bulges to the RA and lesser excursion bulges toward LA (4) A/B Type 4LR: if the maximal excursion of the atrial septal aneurysm is toward the LA with a lesser excursion toward the RA (5) A / B Type 5: if the atrial septal aneurysm movement is bidirectional and equidistant to both atria during the cardiorespiratory cycle. We found higher prevalence (2.24%) of ASA. A/B Type 2L and A/B Type 4LR were most common types. All type of ASA had particular clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. Mobile ASA and ASA with >10 mm excursion are associated with a higher risk of stroke

Prevalence of cricket-related musculoskeletal pain among Indian junior club cricketers

Background: Cricket is the most commonly played sport in India. The number of children playing cricket are increasing. There is growing evidence that injury rates in junior cricketers are higher than professional cricketers. In India at the community level, there are no standardized specific cricket injury prevention programmes (CIPP) which reduce injury risk. Minimal data is available from Asian countries, especially on junior cricketers. Our study is an attempt to focus on junior club cricketer injuries, plan safety precautions and emphasize role of CIPP.Methods: It was an observational study conducted on male junior club cricketers in the age group of 8-16 years. Based on a self-reported questionnaire, player’s physical status, training, injuries and their nature are assessed over a period of 12 months.Results: Over the study period 36 of 50 cricketers were symptomatic. The lower limb is the most frequently injured. Most common etiology is overuse. We found that the players are not following pre-training warm-up and post-training cool-down.Conclusions: CIPP should be implemented and strictly followed from the early stages of sports life. Pre-training warm-up and post-training cool-down should be included in their routine training. Overuse i.e. playing overtime and ignoring the pain during practice or match should be avoided. A supervised training and regular screening of players by orthopaedician or sports physician will keep them fit to play with full potential

A 1.2 V 2.4 GHz low spur CMOS PLL synthesizer with a gain boosted charge pump for a batteryless transceiver

This paper presents a low power 1.2 V, 2.4 GHz low spur, Quadrature PLL synthesizer for IEEE 802.15.4 batteryless transceiver in CMOS 0.18 μm technology. The PLL employs a 1 MHz fully programmable divider with an improved CML 2/3 prescaler, a novel bit-cell for the programmable counters and a novel charge pump with gain-boosted technique to reduce the PLL reference spurs. The PLL consumes a power of 1.85 mW at 1.2 V power supply with the programmable divider consuming only 350 μW. The phase noise of the PLL is -112.77 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and the spurs are -46.2 dB below the carrier and the PLL is successfully tested with the energy harvesting circuit