1700 Library: A Public Library in Scott\u27s Addition

Thesis book documents process of creating design schematics for a proposed public library located in Scott\u27s Addition at 1700 Summit Avenue. The final design uses a series of meandering ramps punctuated by bookshelf stacks in order to create a narrative experience. Specificity and simplicity were two main goals for the project

Transport parameterization of the Polar SWIFT model (version 2)

The Polar SWIFT model is a fast scheme for calculating the chemistry of stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex in winter. It is intended for use in general circulation models (GCMs) and earth system models (ESMs) to enable the simulation of interactions between the ozone layer and climate when a full stratospheric chemistry scheme is computationally too expensive. In addition to the simulation of chemistry, ozone has to be transported in the GCM. As an alternative to the general schemes for the transport and mixing of tracers in the GCMs, a parameterization of the transport of ozone can be used in order to obtain the total change of ozone as the sum of the change by transport and by chemistry. One of the benefits of this approach is the easy and self-contained coupling to a GCM. Another potential advantage is that a transport parameterization based on reanalysis data and measurements can avoid deficiencies in the representation of transport in the GCMs, such as deficits in the representation of the Brewer–Dobson circulation caused by the gravity wave parameterization. Hence, we present a transport parameterization for the Polar SWIFT model that simulates the change in vortex-averaged ozone by transport in a fast and simple way without the need for a complex transport scheme in the GCM

In vivo evaluation of chemical biopersistence of nonfibrous inorganic particles.

The lung's response to deposited particles may depend upon the physical-chemical properties of the particles, the amount initially deposited, and the persistence of the particles. Clearance involves mucociliary transport as well as the action of phagocytic cells in nonciliated regions of the lung. Depending on the animal species studied, particle type, and particle load, inorganic materials are ingested by macrophages on alveolar surfaces with half-times of 0.6 to 7 hr. Particle-laden macrophages may migrate to airways, but we believe that an important mechanism of clearance is the dissolution of particles within alveolar macrophages and the subsequent translocation of dissolved materials to the blood. Particle dissolution in situ has long been recognized but was often thought to be carried out extracellularly in the alveolar lining layer, airway mucus, or interstitial fluid. However, many particles such as cobalt oxide or iron oxide which dissolve very little in simulated lung fluid, are solubilized more rapidly within alveolar macrophages. Clearance of particles from the lungs can be followed by a number of techniques, both invasive and noninvasive. The approaches vary in expense and resolution, and can be directed toward quantifying mechanical removal of particles versus their intracellular dissolution. Noninvasive methods permit repeated measurements of particle retention in the lungs of the same animal or human and thus allow replications and serial measurements. Greater precision with respect to the sites of retention and redistribution is achieved with quantitative morphometric methods that utilize fixation followed by physically dividing the respiratory tract into individual pieces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

SWIFT: Semi-empirical and numerically efficient stratospheric ozone chemistry for global climate models

The SWIFT model is a fast yet accurate chemistry scheme for calculating the chemistry of stratospheric ozone. It is mainly intended for use in Global Climate Models (GCMs), Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs). For computing time reasons these models often do not employ full stratospheric chem- istry modules, but use prescribed ozone instead. This can lead to insufficient representation between stratosphere and troposphere. The SWIFT stratospheric ozone chemistry model, focuses on the major reaction mechanisms of ozone production and loss in order to reduce the computational costs. SWIFT consists of two sub-models. 1) Inside the polar vortex, the model calculates polar vortex averaged ozone loss by solving a set of coupled differential equations for the key species in polar ozone chemistry. 2) The extrapolar regime, which this poster is going to focus on. Outside the polar vortex, the complex system of differential equations of a full stratospheric chemistry model is replaced by an explicit algebraic polynomial, which can be solved in a fraction of the time needed by the full scale model. The approach, which is used to construct the polynomial, is also referred to as repro-modeling and has been successfully applied to chemical models (Turanyi (1993), Lowe & Tomlin (2000)). The procedure uses data from the Lagrangian stratospheric chemistry and transport model ATLAS and yields one high-order polynomial for global ozone loss and production rates over 24h per month. The stratospheric ozone change rates can be sufficiently described by 9 variables. Latitude, altitude, temperature, the overhead ozone abundance, 4 mixing ratios of ozone depleting chemical families (chlorine, bromine, nitrogen-oxides and hydrogen-oxides) and the ozone concentrations itself. The ozone change rates in the lower stratosphere as a function of these 9 variables yield a sufficiently compact 9-D hyper-surface, which we can approximate with a polynomial. In the upper stratosphere (roughly above 30km) the ozone chemical lifetime becomes shorter than the transport time scales, thus the ozone concentrations are determined by the local atmospheric conditions. We therefore introduce an additional regime in the upper stratosphere, where the ozone concentrations, instead of the 24h change rates, are fitted. The fitted polynomial for upper stratospheric ozone is dependent on the same variables, except the ozone concentration, naturally. This poster shows results of simulations employing the polynomial scheme and discusses constraints on the method

In vivo evaluation of chemical biopersistence of nonfibrous inorganic particles.

The lung's response to deposited particles may depend upon the physical-chemical properties of the particles, the amount initially deposited, and the persistence of the particles. Clearance involves mucociliary transport as well as the action of phagocytic cells in nonciliated regions of the lung. Depending on the animal species studied, particle type, and particle load, inorganic materials are ingested by macrophages on alveolar surfaces with half-times of 0.6 to 7 hr. Particle-laden macrophages may migrate to airways, but we believe that an important mechanism of clearance is the dissolution of particles within alveolar macrophages and the subsequent translocation of dissolved materials to the blood. Particle dissolution in situ has long been recognized but was often thought to be carried out extracellularly in the alveolar lining layer, airway mucus, or interstitial fluid. However, many particles such as cobalt oxide or iron oxide which dissolve very little in simulated lung fluid, are solubilized more rapidly within alveolar macrophages. Clearance of particles from the lungs can be followed by a number of techniques, both invasive and noninvasive. The approaches vary in expense and resolution, and can be directed toward quantifying mechanical removal of particles versus their intracellular dissolution. Noninvasive methods permit repeated measurements of particle retention in the lungs of the same animal or human and thus allow replications and serial measurements. Greater precision with respect to the sites of retention and redistribution is achieved with quantitative morphometric methods that utilize fixation followed by physically dividing the respiratory tract into individual pieces. Microwave drying or slam-freezing can eliminate the possibility of significant particle redistribution or loss of particles and dissolved elements during tissue processing. Detection of particles and therefore evidence of clearance can rely upon any distinctive property of the aerosol. Particles may be radioactive, fluorescent, or magnetic, or may have a characteristic visual appearance. Detection techniques include radiography, analyses of radioactivity, magnetometry, and microscopic approaches such as fluorescence and confocal microscopy, X-ray emission analysis, and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). Using these approaches, considerable evidence has been accumulated to conclude that particle dissolution in situ within alveolar macrophages and subsequent absorption by the circulation, rather than bulk transport, is the dominant mechanism for the long-term clearance of many insoluble minerals from the lungs

The Social Situation of Families with a Mentally Ill Parent

Im Themenkomplex „Familien mit psychisch erkranktem Elternteil“ ist die Forschung auf mehreren Ebenen tätig, da weitere sozio-ökonomische Belastungen neben den direkten gravierenden Auswirkungen psychischer Erkrankungen für alle Familienmitglieder auftreten. Die individuelle Kombination von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren resultiert in spezifischen Unterstützungsbedürfnissen. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Darstellung der Situation der Familie als Ganzes sowie von Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung. Ein Fragenkatalog aus mehreren standardisierten Fragebogen und ergänzenden Items wurde erstellt um die Auswirkungen somatischer und psychosozialer Einflussfaktoren auf verschiedene Aspekte der Familiensituation sowie den Unterstützungsbedarf zu erheben. Die Auswertung umfasst 72 Elternteile, die am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf zwischen 09/2005 and 05/2006 stationär behandelt wurden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Lebensformen betroffener Familien vergleichbar denen der Gesamtbevölkerung sind, sie jedoch häufiger von Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit, sozialer Isolation und dysfunktionalen Beziehungen betroffen sind. Art und Schwere der Erkrankung hatten keinen Einfluss auf diese Korrelationen. Die Situation der Kinder bzgl. Lebensqualität, psychischer Gesundheit und Integration wurde vom erkrankten Elternteil überwiegend als schlecht eingeschätzt. Der Unterstützungsbedarf war vielfältig und sprach unterschiedliche Hilfesysteme an. Für eine effektive Bedarfsdeckung muss die Zusammenarbeit dieser Hilfesysteme aufgebaut und verstärkt werden. Möglichkeiten für speziell sozialpädagogische Angebote bestehen deshalb in Netzwerkarbeit, Aufklärung und Angeboten der Jugendhilfe.Research in the topic area of „families with a mentally ill parent“ works on different levels, as there are socio-economic impacts beyond the direct serious effects of mental illness for all family members. The individual combination of risk factors and protective factors results in specific needs of support. The aim of this PhD-dissertation was the description of the situation of the family as a whole and of options for support. A list of questions consisting of multiple standardised questionnaires and additional items was designed to collect data on the effects of somatic and psychosocial factors on various aspects of the families' situation and their specific support. The analysis comprised 72 parents who were in-patients at the Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf between 09/2005 and 05/2006. The results show that the ways of life of affected families are similar to those of the total population while poverty, unemployment, social isolation, and dysfunctional relationships occur more often. Type and severity of the illness do not affect these correlations. The situation of the children concerning their quality of life, mental health, and integration was predominantly evaluated as poor by the mentally ill parent. The demand for specific support was multifaceted and addressed different supportive systems. Therefore, a cooperation between the supportive systems has to be established and improved for an effective fulfilment of demands. Specific options for support by social work, therefore, result in networking, education and youth work.work

Das extrapolare SWIFT-Modell: schnelle stratosphärische Ozonchemie für globale Klimamodelle

The goal of this PhD-thesis was the development of a fast yet accurate chemistry scheme for an interactive calculation of the extrapolar stratospheric ozone layer. The SWIFT-model is mainly intended for use in Global Climate Models (GCMs). For computing-time reasons GCMs often do not employ full stratospheric chemistry modules, but use prescribed ozone instead. This method does not consider the interaction between atmospheric dynamics and the ozone layer and can neither resolve the inter-annual variability of the ozone layer nor respond to climatological trends. Various studies [Calvo et al., 2015, Gillett and Thompson, 2003, Thompson and Solomon, 2002] have pointed out these insufficiencies. Existing fast ozone schemes, as in Cariolle und Teyssedre [2007] and McLinden et al. [2000], use a Taylor expansion of the first order to expand the rate of change of ozone about reference conditions of ozone mixing ratio, temperature and the locale ozone column and thus can not sufficiently adept to climate change scenarios, differing from the reference conditions. The SWIFT-model, in contrast, considers the full chemical system of a stratospheric chemistry model, including non-linearities and fluctuations of ozone depleting species, to determine the rate of change of ozone. The SWIFT-model consists of two modules, a polar and an extrapolar module. The polar module calculates vortex-averaged ozone loss by solving a set of coupled differential equations for the key species in polar ozone chemistry. Coefficients of the equation system are determined by simulations with a full chemistry model [Wohltmann et al., 2016]. This dissertation presents the extrapolar SWIFT-module, where we use algebraic functions to approximate the rate of change of ozone of the full model. In the full model, 55 initial and boundary conditions (e.g. various chemical species and atmospheric parameters) determine the function of rate of change of ozone, creating a 55-dimensional hypersurface. The numerical output of several simulations with the full model characterize the shape of the hypersurface. Using linear combinations of these variables, we can reduce the parameter space to the following nine dimensions: latitude, pressure, temperature, local ozone co- lumn, mixing ratio of ozone and of the ozone depleting families (Cly , Bry, NOy and HOy ). These nine variables sufficiently describe the shape of the 55-dimensional hypersurface. An automated procedure fits 9-dimensional polynomials of degree four to the reduced function. One global polynomial per month is determined which calculates the rate of change of ozone over 24 h. The full model used to fit the polynomials is the chemistry- and transport-model ATLAS. Two 2.5-years ATLAS-simulations from separate decades constitute the fitting-dataset. A key aspect for the robustness of the SWIFT-model is the incorporation of a wide range of stratospheric variability in the fitting-datasets. The systematic error between ATLAS and SWIFT causes the ozone mixing ratios to drift by less than 0.5% per day in the central regions of the 9-dimensional parameter space. Higher errors are located in the boundary regions, where the sampling density of the fitting-dataset is low, i.e. for rarely occurring atmospheric conditions. Here, the errors can rise to 4% per day. However, steep ozone gradients and non-linearities in the rate of change function are not the sources of significant errors. The extrapolar SWIFT-module has been integrated into the ATLAS-CTM as an optional chemistry scheme. Simulations with SWIFT in ATLAS have proven that the systematic error does not accumulate in the course of a run. In a 10 year simulation SWIFT has continuously produced a stable annual cycle, with inter-annual variations of the ozone layer well comparable to the full ATLAS-CTM. Horizontal gradients in the ozone distribution due to planetary waves, are well resolved by SWIFT. The average deviations between partial ozone columns in ATLAS and SWIFT are less than ±15 DU. Especially in the mid- and high-latitudes the extrapolar SWIFT-module yields better results than existing fast ozone schemes. The application of SWIFT requires the calculation of polynomials with 30 – 100 terms. Nowadays, computers can solve such polynomials at thousands of grid points in seconds. Therefore SWIFT provides the desired numerical efficiency and computes the ozone layer 10000 times faster than the chemistry model in the ATLAS-CTM

Estimating the Rate of Change of Stratospheric Ozone using Deep Neural Networks

Due to the intensive ozone research in recent decades, the processes that influence stratospheric ozone are well understood. The chemistry and transport model ATLAS was developed to simulate the chemistry and transport of stratospheric ozone globally. The chemical rate of change of ozone is calculated at each model point and time step of the model by solving a system of differential equations that requires 55 input parameters (chemical species, temperatures, ...). But the computational e!ort to solve this complex system of differential equations is very high, and with respect to the overall limited computation time, this prevents the inclusion of ozone chemistry into ESMs. This project proposes a data-driven machine learning approach to predict the rate of change of stratospheric ozone. To derive a data set from modelled data, ATLAS was run for several short model runs. The rate of change of ozone and 55 parameters were stored at each model point and time step. By observing the co-variances of the high-dimensional feature-space, a large data set with reduced dimensionality has been created. A supervised learning algorithm used this data set of input and output pairs to train a deep feed- forward neural network (NN). This involved the identification and optimisation of several hyperparameters and to find a well- functioning combination of depth (number of layers) and width (number of neurons per layer). In this way, the NN model capacity is optimised with respect to the data itself. To evaluate this approach, the results were compared with another data-driven approach called SWIFT. The SWIFT model employs a repro-modelling approach that uses polynomials to approximate the rate of change of ozone. The resulting NN model is not only capable of learning the context of an eleven-dimensional hyperplane, but also improves the RMSE by about one order of magnitude compared to SWIFT’s previous polynomial approach. In addition, the deviations of the predictions at the boundaries (altitude and latitude) are significantly lower, which is a challenge for the polynomial approach. Only fully coupled ozone climate set ups are able to consider the complex interactions of the stratospheric ozone layer and climate. This is a step towards a computationally very fast but accurate application of an interactive ozone scheme in climate models