Diagnostic and surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation in dogs

Medijalno iščašenje ivera česta je pojava i uzrok šepanja u malih pasmina pasa te ima veliko značenje u veterinarskoj praksi. Međutim, kirurško liječenje lakših slučajeva, osobito I stupnja često se izbjegava i ne smatra bitnim. Konzervativno liječenje ne daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Iščašenje može nastati zbog traume, ali može biti prisutno već pri rođenju što je često povezano s težim deformacijama kostiju. Nasljednog je karaktera. Težina kliničkih znakova ovisi o stupnju iščašenja ivera, a u nekim slučajevima kada nema kliničkih znakova do dijagnoze se dolazi tijekom rutinskog kliničkog pregleda. Osim ortopedskog pregleda, dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju rendgenskog snimanja koje može biti negativno u I ili čak II stupnju iščašenja. Vrsta operativnog zahvata ovisi o stupnju iščašenja, a može se temeljiti na rekonstrukciji mekih tkiva ili kostiju. Najčešće korištene tehnike su zatezanje lateralnog retinakuluma s otpuštanjem medijalnog retinakuluma, produbljivanje trohlearnog kanala, odnosno trohleoplastike i premještanja goljenične kvrge lateralno i čak blago distalno. Kod težih deformacija kostiju primjenjuje se korektivna osteotomija bedrene kosti. Danas postoje i moderne metode liječenja ovog ortopedskog problema kao što je korištenje implantanata ili endoproteza koje povećavaju ili u potpunosti zamjenjuju trohlearni žlijeb. Ove tehnike imaju znatno višu cijenu. Veliku ulogu u liječenju treba dati i postoperativnoj analgeziji te imobilizaciji noge. Rjeđe se događaju veće komplikacije, ali se može javiti ponovno iščašenje ivera, popuštanje implantanata što se smatra najčešćim te lom goljeničke kvrge kao najteža komplikacija. U većini slučajeva prognoza je odlična, noga se vraća normalnoj funkciji, a hromost se ne pojavljuje. Ovaj rad ukratko opisuje kliničku sliku, dijagnostičke metode i kirurško liječenje medijalnog iščašenja ivera u pasa uz osvrt na suvremene kirurške metode.Medial patellar luxation is a common occurrence and the cause of lameness in small dog breeds, and therefore of great significance in veterinary practice. However, surgical treatment of light cases, such as grade I is often avoided and not considered essential. In most cases, conservative treatment is insufficient. Luxations can occure due to trauma or can be present at birth, which is often associated with more severe bone deformations. It is hereditary disease. The severity of clinical signs depends on the degree of patellar luxation, though there may be no clinical signs until diagnosis is made during routine clinical examination. Apart from an orthopaedic examination, the diagnosis is set after radiography which can be negative in grade I or even grade II. The type of surgery depends on the degree of luxation and may be based on soft tissue or bone reconstruction. The most commonly used techniques are overlap of the lateral retinaculum, medial retinaculum release, trochleoplasty and transposition of tibial tuberosity laterally or distally. In severe bone deformations, osteotomy of the femur is applied. There are now modern methods to treat this orthopaedic problem, such as the use of endoprosthetic implants that enhance or substitute the patellar grove completely. An important role in treatment should be given to postoperative analgesia and leg immobilization. There are fewer complications, though there may be a recurrence of patellar luxation and loosening of implants, as the most common complication, or tibial crest fractures as the most severe complication. In most cases, the prognosis is excellent, the leg returns to normal function and lameness does not appear. This paper describes the clinical signs, diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation in dogs with several of the mentioned modern techniques

Efficiency of two protocols of resynchronization of estrus and ovulation in high-producing dairy cows at peak lactation

The reproductive efficiency of the cows was monitored after two resynchronization protocols: Ovsynch (OVS) and Double Ovsynch (DOS). The research initially included 70 HF cows who entered the first synchronization protocol - Presynch. Cows that did not conceive after the first synchronization were divided into two groups and introduced to two resynchronization protocols. In the first group of cows (n=35), the DOS protocol began with the application of GnRH on day 22 after the Presynch TAI (Timed Artificial Insemination), and seven days later pregnancy check-up was done and PGF2α was applied only to non-pregnant cows (n=23), which remained in the study. In the second group of cows, the OVS protocol started on day 32 after Presynch TAI only in non-pregnant animals (n=20). Progesterone (P4) concentration was determined at the time of application of GnRH1, PGF2α and GnRH2 in both groups of cows, and then 30 days after Resynch TAI, ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis was done. A higher percentage of pregnant cows were recorded in the OVS group compared to the DOS group (45% and 35%, respectively). The concentration of P4 in the serum of cows in the DOS group during the first measurement (GnRH1) was significantly higher than the value in cows that did not conceive (p<0.05), while in the third measurement (GnRH2) the average concentration of P4 in conceiving cows was significantly lower (p<0.001) compared to cows that did not coincive. The open days period was significantly longer in pregnant cows that were resynchronized using the DOS protocol compared to cows from the OVS protocol. In conclusion, the OVS protocol of estrus resynchronization in dairy cows proved to be more successful than the DOS protocol. However, considering the advantages the OVS, it is needed to determine which day of the sexual cycle is the best to start resynchronization

Usporedba pokazatelja procjene boli u pasa s operacijskim liječenjem puknuća prednjeg križnog ligamenta

The objective of this study was to compare postoperative pain, as assessed by multiple objective and subjective methods, after Tibial Tuberosity Advancement and Modified Retinacular Imbrication Technique, procedures that differ significantly in the extent of the operative trauma. We compared the preoperative, 2, 6, 10, 20, 44 and 68-hour postoperative results of the University of Melbourne Pain Scale and visual analogue scale with the dynamics of the physiologic, biochemical and behavioural parameters. The integration of various parameters increases the objectivity of pain assessment. The invasiveness of the surgical technique does not necessarily correlate with the level of postoperative pain.Cilj ovog istraživanja bila je usporedba poslijeoperacijske boli, procijenjene višestrukim objektivnim i subjektivnim metodama, nakon kranijalne transpozicije goljenične kvrge i modificiranog postupka zatezanja retinakula, kirurških zahvata koji se prema opsegu operacijske traume znatno razlikuju. Usporedili smo rezultate bodovnog sustava intenziteta boli Sveučilišta u Melbourneu i vizualne analogne skale s dinamikom fizioloških, biokemijskih i bihevioralnih pokazatelja prije operacije te 2, 6, 10, 20, 44 i 68 sati poslije operacije. Objedinjavanje različitih pokazatelja povećava objektivnost procjene boli. Invazivnost operacijske tehnike ne mora se nužno podudarati sa stupnjem poslijeoperacijske boli

Denzitometrija mineralizacije kalusa u kritičnom defektu kunićje palčane kosti

This study aims to investigate the use of a photodensitometry to analyze plain radiographic images and correlate them with the rate of new bone formation in a critical size defect of a rabbit radius filled with an autologous omental graft. The computer program MCID Evaluation 7.0. was used for photodensitometric processing of X-ray images taken at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after surgery. The study was conducted on 20 adult New Zealand white rabbits under general anaesthesia, critical-sized osseous defect was created in the right radius and in treated group filled with autogenous omental graft. Optical densitometry of radiographs revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control sites. The study showed that autogenous omental grafts promoted healing of the critical-sized defect of the rabbit radius.Istražena je upotreba fotodenzitometrije za analizu rendgenograma u usporedbi sa stopom novostvorene kosti u kritičnom defektu kunićje palčane kosti ispunjene autolognim presatkom velikoga omentuma. Računalni program MCID 7.0. rabljen je za obradu rengenograma koji su snimljeni 2, 4, 6 i 8 tjedana nakon operacije. Istraživanje je provedeno na 20 odraslih novozelandskih kunića u općoj anesteziji. Denzitometrija rendgenograma pokazala je statistički značajne razlike između pokusne i kontrolne skupine. Istraživanje je pokazalo da autologni presadak omentuma pospješuje cijeljenje kritičnoga defekta kunićje palčane kosti

Krvne grupe mačaka na području grada Zagreba.

The frequency of blood groups was researched in domestic non-pedigree cats and some pedigree cats in the City of Zagreb. The research comprised 30 domestic non-pedigree cats and 15 pedigree cats, of which 10 were British shorthair cats and 5 Persian cats. Of the 30 domestic non-pedigree cats, 29 of them (96.66 %) had blood group A. Only one cat (3.33 %) had blood group AB. Blood group B is extremely rate, and was found in only one of the 10 British shorthair cats. The remaining British shorthair cats had blood group A. All five Persian cats tested had blood group A. The frequency of blood groups in domestic non-pedigree cats and in British shorthair and Persian cats is very similar to the frequency of these breeds in the rest of the world.Istraživane su krvne grupe u domaćih i nekih čistokrvnih mačaka na području grada Zagreba. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 30 domaćih i 15 čistokrvnih mačaka, 10 britanskih i 5 perzijskih. Od 30 domaćih mačaka, njih 29 (96,66 %) imalo je krvnu grupu A. Samo jedna domaća mačka (3,33 %) imala je krvnu grupu AB. Krvna grupa B je izuzetno rijetka, nađena je samo u jedne od 10 britanskih mačaka. Preostale britanske mačke imale su krvnu grupu A. Svih 5 pretraženih perzijskih mačaka imale su krvnu grupu A. Učestalost krvnih grupa u domaćih mačaka te britanskih i perzijskih vrlo je slična učestalosti krvnih grupa u ovih pasmina mačaka drugdje u svijetu

Usporedba pokazatelja procjene boli u pasa s operacijskim liječenjem puknuća prednjeg križnog ligamenta

The objective of this study was to compare postoperative pain, as assessed by multiple objective and subjective methods, after Tibial Tuberosity Advancement and Modified Retinacular Imbrication Technique, procedures that differ significantly in the extent of the operative trauma. We compared the preoperative, 2, 6, 10, 20, 44 and 68-hour postoperative results of the University of Melbourne Pain Scale and visual analogue scale with the dynamics of the physiologic, biochemical and behavioural parameters. The integration of various parameters increases the objectivity of pain assessment. The invasiveness of the surgical technique does not necessarily correlate with the level of postoperative pain.Cilj ovog istraživanja bila je usporedba poslijeoperacijske boli, procijenjene višestrukim objektivnim i subjektivnim metodama, nakon kranijalne transpozicije goljenične kvrge i modificiranog postupka zatezanja retinakula, kirurških zahvata koji se prema opsegu operacijske traume znatno razlikuju. Usporedili smo rezultate bodovnog sustava intenziteta boli Sveučilišta u Melbourneu i vizualne analogne skale s dinamikom fizioloških, biokemijskih i bihevioralnih pokazatelja prije operacije te 2, 6, 10, 20, 44 i 68 sati poslije operacije. Objedinjavanje različitih pokazatelja povećava objektivnost procjene boli. Invazivnost operacijske tehnike ne mora se nužno podudarati sa stupnjem poslijeoperacijske boli

Krvne grupe mačaka na području grada Zagreba.

The frequency of blood groups was researched in domestic non-pedigree cats and some pedigree cats in the City of Zagreb. The research comprised 30 domestic non-pedigree cats and 15 pedigree cats, of which 10 were British shorthair cats and 5 Persian cats. Of the 30 domestic non-pedigree cats, 29 of them (96.66 %) had blood group A. Only one cat (3.33 %) had blood group AB. Blood group B is extremely rate, and was found in only one of the 10 British shorthair cats. The remaining British shorthair cats had blood group A. All five Persian cats tested had blood group A. The frequency of blood groups in domestic non-pedigree cats and in British shorthair and Persian cats is very similar to the frequency of these breeds in the rest of the world.Istraživane su krvne grupe u domaćih i nekih čistokrvnih mačaka na području grada Zagreba. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 30 domaćih i 15 čistokrvnih mačaka, 10 britanskih i 5 perzijskih. Od 30 domaćih mačaka, njih 29 (96,66 %) imalo je krvnu grupu A. Samo jedna domaća mačka (3,33 %) imala je krvnu grupu AB. Krvna grupa B je izuzetno rijetka, nađena je samo u jedne od 10 britanskih mačaka. Preostale britanske mačke imale su krvnu grupu A. Svih 5 pretraženih perzijskih mačaka imale su krvnu grupu A. Učestalost krvnih grupa u domaćih mačaka te britanskih i perzijskih vrlo je slična učestalosti krvnih grupa u ovih pasmina mačaka drugdje u svijetu

Regeneration of the Skeleton by Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) have past a long journey in human orthopaedic surgery during the last 15 years. From the first reports of the use of rhBMPs in hostile environments such as critically-sized bone defects, avascular femoral head necrosis, unstable thoracolumbar vertebral fractures, instability between the atlas and axis due to rheumatoid arthritis; over the use for nonunions of long bones and the scaphoid, reconstructive and revision surgeries of the hip, acute fractures, allograft nonunions, congenital pseudarthrosis, and various approaches of lumbar and cervical spine fusions, rhBMPs overgrow to a safe and reliable device in the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures, nonunions of long bone fractures, anterior lumbar interbody fusion and revision posterolateral lumbar fusions. Systematic review of the published literature of rhBMPs is presented

Teški oblik papilomatoze goveda: nalaz papilomavirusa u tumorskom tkivu i učinkovitost liječenja autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom

Two cases of severe bovine papillomatosis occurred in northwest Croatia during 2000 are described. Diagnosis was based on presented clinical signs, histopathological findings, and detection of the papillomavirus by transmission electron microscopy. Animals successfully recovered following treatment with the autogenous (non-purified) vaccine and a parammunity inducer. For the first time in Croatia we report the detection of papillomavirus by electron microscopy.U radu su opisana dva slučaja generalizirane papilomatoze u goveda ustanovljena u sjeveroistočnom području Republike Hrvatske tijekom 2000. godine. U oba slučaja dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovi kliničke slike, histopatološke pretrage tumorskog tkiva i nalaza papilomavirusa goveda u homogenizatu tumorskog tkiva elektronskom mikroskopijom. Životinje su liječene autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom (Baypamun®, Bayer Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany), a tumorozne promjene u potpunosti su iščezle nakon 6 tjedana od početka liječenja. U radu je po prvi put u Republici Hrvatskoj opisan nalaz papilomavirusa goveda u tumorskom tkivu elektronskom mikroskopijom

Teški oblik papilomatoze goveda: nalaz papilomavirusa u tumorskom tkivu i učinkovitost liječenja autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom

Two cases of severe bovine papillomatosis occurred in northwest Croatia during 2000 are described. Diagnosis was based on presented clinical signs, histopathological findings, and detection of the papillomavirus by transmission electron microscopy. Animals successfully recovered following treatment with the autogenous (non-purified) vaccine and a parammunity inducer. For the first time in Croatia we report the detection of papillomavirus by electron microscopy.U radu su opisana dva slučaja generalizirane papilomatoze u goveda ustanovljena u sjeveroistočnom području Republike Hrvatske tijekom 2000. godine. U oba slučaja dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovi kliničke slike, histopatološke pretrage tumorskog tkiva i nalaza papilomavirusa goveda u homogenizatu tumorskog tkiva elektronskom mikroskopijom. Životinje su liječene autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom (Baypamun®, Bayer Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany), a tumorozne promjene u potpunosti su iščezle nakon 6 tjedana od početka liječenja. U radu je po prvi put u Republici Hrvatskoj opisan nalaz papilomavirusa goveda u tumorskom tkivu elektronskom mikroskopijom