The Development of a New Staining Technique for the Colorimetric Identification of Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Fibers

A new staining technique has been developed for the colorimetric separation of unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers from other types of fibers. It involves the use of two reagents, a 2% solution by weight of p-nitroaniline in 3N HCl and Herzbergs stain. The former solution is applied to the fibers, the excess is removed, and Herzberg stain is applied. This process will produce an orange color on groundwood, a brownish green color on unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers, and a color on chemical fibers and bleached neutral sulfite semichemical hardwood fibers that will vary from blue to deep purple, depending upon the type of fiber and cook. The new technique produces much better color separations between these classes of fiber cooks than those obtained through the use of *C* stain or Herzberg stain, when used alone

Abui Tripartite Verbs: Exploring the limits of compositionality

Asian Studie

Compressive creep of Fe3Al-type iron aluminide with Zr additions

High-temperature creep ofa Fe3Al-type iron aluminide alloyed by zirconium was studied in the temperature range 873-1073 K. The alloy contained (wt.%) 31.5% Al, 3.5% Cr, 0.25% Zr, 0.19% C (Fe balance). It was tested in two states: (i) as received after hot rolling and (ii) heat treated (1423 K/ 2 h/air). Creep tests were performed in compression at constant load with stepwise loading: in each step, the load was changed to a new value after steady state creep rate had been established. Stress exponent and activation energy of the creep rate were determined and possible creep mechanisms were discussed in terms ofthe threshold stress concept. A rapidfall ofthe stress exponent and ofthe threshold stress with the increasing temperature indicates that creep is impeded by the presence of precipitates only at temperature 873 K. The results were compared with the results oflong-term creep tests in tension performed recently on the same alloy. Изучена высокотемпературная ползучестьИзучена высокотемпературная ползучесть алюминида железа типа Fe3Al, легирован­ного цирконием в диапазоне температур 873...1073 К. Сплав содержал (ат.%) 31,5 Al, 3,5 Сг, 0,25 Zг, 0,19 С (остальное Fе). Испытания проводили в двух состояниях: в состоя­нии поставки после горячей прокатки и после термообработки (1423 К/2 ч/воздух). Испытания на ползучесть выполняли при постоянной сжимающей нагрузке при сту­пенчатом нагружении: на каждой ступени использовали нагрузку другой величины после того, как наступала стадия установив­шейся скорости ползучести. Определена экс­понента напряжения и энергия активации для скорости ползучести, обсуждены возмож­ные механизмы ползучести с позиций кон­цепции порогового напряжения. Резкое умень­шение экспоненты напряжения и порогового напряжения при увеличении температуры свидетельствует о том, что наличие вторич­ных фаз снижает скорость ползучести толь­ко при температуре 873 К. Полученные ре­зультаты сравнивали с данными длительных испытаний на ползучесть при растяжении, выполненных на том же сплаве

Implementing Inkjet Printed Transparent Conductive Electrodes in Solution Processed Organic Electronics

Through the use of solution-based materials, the field of printed organic electronics has not only made new devices accessible, but also allows the process of manufacture to move toward a high throughput industrial scale. However, while solution-based active layer materials in these systems have been studied quite intensely, the printed electrodes and specifically the transparent conductive anode have only relatively recently been investigated. In this progress report, the use of metal nanoparticles within printed organic electronic devices is highlighted, specifically their use as replacement of the commonly used indium tin oxide transparent conductive electrode within organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). A cross fertilization between the applications is expected since an OPV device is essentially an inversely operated OLED. This report aims to highlight the use of inkjet-printed nanoparticles as cost-effective electrodes for printed optoelectronic applications and discusses methods to improve the conductive and interfacial properties. Finally, in an outlook, the use of these types of metal nanoparticle inks to manipulate light management properties, such as outcoupling, in the device is investigated

Probing Cosmology with Weak Lensing Minkowski Functionals

In this paper, we show that Minkowski Functionals (MFs) of weak gravitational lensing (WL) convergence maps contain significant non-Gaussian, cosmology-dependent information. To do this, we use a large suite of cosmological ray-tracing N-body simulations to create mock WL convergence maps, and study the cosmological information content of MFs derived from these maps. Our suite consists of 80 independent 512^3 N-body runs, covering seven different cosmologies, varying three cosmological parameters Omega_m, w, and sigma_8 one at a time, around a fiducial LambdaCDM model. In each cosmology, we use ray-tracing to create a thousand pseudo-independent 12 deg^2 convergence maps, and use these in a Monte Carlo procedure to estimate the joint confidence contours on the above three parameters. We include redshift tomography at three different source redshifts z_s=1, 1.5, 2, explore five different smoothing scales theta_G=1, 2, 3, 5, 10 arcmin, and explicitly compare and combine the MFs with the WL power spectrum. We find that the MFs capture a substantial amount of information from non-Gaussian features of convergence maps, i.e. beyond the power spectrum. The MFs are particularly well suited to break degeneracies and to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter w (by a factor of ~ three better than from the power spectrum alone). The non-Gaussian information derives partly from the one-point function of the convergence (through V_0, the "area" MF), and partly through non-linear spatial information (through combining different smoothing scales for V_0, and through V_1 and V_2, the boundary length and genus MFs, respectively). In contrast to the power spectrum, the best constraints from the MFs are obtained only when multiple smoothing scales are combined.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, 5 table

An analytic approach to number counts of weak-lensing peak detections

We develop and apply an analytic method to predict peak counts in weak-lensing surveys. It is based on the theory of Gaussian random fields and suitable to quantify the level of spurious detections caused by chance projections of large-scale structures as well as the shape and shot noise contributed by the background galaxies. We compare our method to peak counts obtained from numerical ray-tracing simulations and find good agreement at the expected level. The number of peak detections depends substantially on the shape and size of the filter applied to the gravitational shear field. Our main results are that weak-lensing peak counts are dominated by spurious detections up to signal-to-noise ratios of 3--5 and that most filters yield only a few detections per square degree above this level, while a filter optimised for suppressing large-scale structure noise returns up to an order of magnitude more.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, submitted to A&

One pot synthesis of a stable and cost effective silver particle free ink for inkjet printed flexible electronics

Silver particle free inks display immense superiority and potential over silver nanoparticle based inks in the aspect of synthesis, flexibility and low temperature processing, which has attracted considerable research interest as an alternative for fabricating conductive structures in recent years. Although recent research on silver particle free inks has led to beneficial results, there are still some drawbacks some of the inks are chemically unstable and hence are not suitable for industrial inkjet printing process, although they have good conductivity; while others are cheap in terms of raw material costs but are complicated to make due to the complex synthetic route or using hazardous procedures, or are not compatible with inkjet printing. Therefore, it will be advantageous to develop a stable, cheap and inkjet printable silver particle free ink using a simple synthetic procedure. Alcohols are favorable solvents for silver particle free inks that can provide the ink with essential fluid properties for inkjet printing. However, they have some negative effects on the ink performance due to their physicochemical properties, which should be avoided. In this work, a simple do it yourself silver particle free ink is presented, which shows high chemical stability, low cost and good printability. The ink is formulated via a simple silver oxalate precursor route in alcohols. The fluid property, thermal property, stability and electrical performance of the inks based on different alcohols were investigated and optimized to obtain the final ink for printing on glass and flexible polyimide substrates. The printed Ag features yielded a resistivity of 15.46 amp; 956; amp; 937; cm at a sintering temperature of 180 C, which is equivalent to 10 times bulk silver. Based on a comprehensive assessment, we can offer a low cost, easy to make, reliable and highly competitive ink for flexible printed electronic

A guide to qualitative haze measurements demonstrated on inkjet-printed silver electrodes for flexible OLEDs

The search for alternative transparent electrodes to the commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO) in optoelectronic devices has led to solution-based approaches based on inkjet printing. As an additive manufacturing technique that allows drops to be positioned only where necessary, inkjet printing shows reduced waste of starting material compared to other methods such as spin coating. As a result, functional materials can be both coated and structured without the need for masks or lithographic pre-patterning of the substrate. For this contribution, we utilized a particle-free silver ink to produce a transparent electrode by inkjet printing. After printing, the silver ions were reduced to metallic silver by an argon plasma. The process takes place at low temperatures (ca. 40 – 50°C), making it suitable for use with flexible substrates, which are often temperature-sensitive. The printed silver layers show good electrical conductivity and optical transmittance, with a crystalline grain structure being formed and maintained during the metallization process. This structure forms a self-organized nanometer-size grid, whose structure allows light to pass through. Due to its nano-structured property, the haze of the electrode was investigated using a simple experimental setup based on a light source shining through the electrode and analyzing the size of the projected pattern. Such qualitative assessment can be a useful indication of the quality of the electrode and we provide details on how to replicate this setup. The final electrodes were implemented in solution-processed OLEDs, which showed bright luminance and overall low haze compared to ITO-based reference devices.Peer Reviewe