24 research outputs found
Is It Possible to Repeat the Experience of East Asia? The External Factors of East Asian âMiracleâ
The paper focuses on the widespread presupposition about a possibility for the developing countries beyond the East Asian region to follow the development path of the newly industrialised countries (NICs) of East and Southeast Asia known as âtigersâ. The author underlines that the âtigersâ success story was the effect of fortune combination of the external and internal factors of fast modernisation of the countries under scrutiny. The subject of the given paper is a set of the external factors of the East Asian âmiracleâ. In the authorâs opinion, there were three main external factors of successful development in the East Asian NICs. Firstly, there was a strong influence of cold war in the region. Since the earlyâ1960s the rivalry between the USSR and USA was here âsupplementedâ by pretensions of the Maoist China to the role of âtorchâ for the poor and wretched peoples of Asia. Thus, there was the specific triangle of foreign forces that operated in the region. The US ruling circles conceived that the best way to âthe containment of communismâ was to create a show case of âgood capitalismâ: to eradicate mass poverty, to build contemporary effective economy, to open the channels of vertical social mobility for youth, and, thereby, to erode the social soil for the Leftist ideas. Secondly, the business and political leaders of the considerable countries understood a necessity to modernise their economies. The local elites, being in vassal dependency on the American protection, were obliged to follow the path of development that corresponded mostly to the interests of US. This circumstance determined, to a big degree, a choice of the outwardâlooking industrialisation. Thirdly, the exportâoriented industrialisation in East Asia coincided with profound structural changes in Western economies. The NICs could occupy niches at the internal markets of industrial countries, exporting their manufactured goods to the West. It provided the growth of incomes for further accumulation. The neoconservatism in politics and neoliberalism in economics in the West helped to the East Asian âtigersâ to carry out their modernisation. Since the called external factors of East Asian âmiracleâ do not recently exist in other developing regions, the author comes to conclusion that none of these regions can repeat the success story of the Asian NICs
Brazil: From Successes to the Systemic Crisis
The paper focuses on the socioecnomic development of Brazil from the mid-1990s up today. The author puts a special attention to the process of deindustrialisation, which has been expressed in the diminishing share of manufacturing industry in GDP, employment and the structure of goodsâ export whereas the role of the primary sector increases in economy and the external trade. The paper scrutinises the achievements of Brazil in reduction of poverty and social inequality, in development of education and enlargement of the social mobilityâs channels. At the same time, the author argues that the model of development, apparently successful in 2003â2012, has exhausted itself in the changed conditions. It presupposed the balance of different interests, but this balance has been destroyed. Meanwhile, the social forces that could realise a transition to the new model of development have been weaker than the forces interested in exportation of commodities. The author treats political events in the country in 2015â2017, including the impeachment to Dilma Rousseff, as the counteroffensive of conservative forces in the context of Lava Jato (âcar-washâ) corruption scandal which has shaken the fundaments of Brazilâs political system. The main conclusion the author makes from his analysis is that any exit from the deep crisis the country undergoes now will be long and painful