The pancreaticoduodenal arteries in human foetal development

Knowledge of the course of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries is of great importance in pancreatic surgery. Lack of care in the preparation of these vessels may lead to ischaemia or necrosis of the duodenum, the first loop of the jejunum, the head of the pancreas and even the liver, bile ducts and transverse colon. In such events, the surgeon would need to diagnose the course of the vessels and their anastomoses intraoperatively. Anatomical dissection in this special area diminishes the risk of early complications in the form of bleeding and late complications in the form of narrowing of the anastomoses, fistulas, necrosis and intestinal ileus after surgical resection or drainage. The aim of the present study was to determine the variability of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in human foetuses. The material examined consisted of 60 human foetuses of both sexes (33 male, 27 female) from spontaneous abortion or stillbirth and ranging in age from the 16th to 38th week of prenatal life. White latex solution to of volume between 15 ml and 30 ml was injected into the thoracic aorta. The results of this were that a typical pancreatic supply from the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery was observed in all cases. The coeliac trunk, splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery also appeared invariably. However, variability was observed in further generations of branches. The gastroduodenal artery with its branches, the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, was constantly present. Irrespective of the sex of the foetus, in 10% of cases a large vessel was observed which ran horizontally on the anterior surface of the pancreas from head to tail and which originated in the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. We termed this vessel the "anterior pancreatic artery". In all cases there were anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades, but in two cases (3.3%) a double anterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade was observed

Digital-image analysis of the left common carotid artery in human foetuses

The rate of growth of the left common carotid artery during gestation has not been sufficiently evaluated. The present study was performed on 128 spontaneously aborted human foetuses aged 15&#8211;34 weeks to compile normative data for the dimensions of the left common carotid artery at varying gestational ages. Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (system of Leica Q Win Pro 16) and statistical analysis (ANOVA, regression analysis), a range of measurements (length, original external diameter and volume) for the left common carotid artery during gestation was examined. No significant gender differences were found (p > 0.05). The growth curves of the best fit for the plot of each morphometric parameter against gestational age were generated. The lengths ranged from 14.82 &#177; 2.22 to 42.84 &#177; 4.32 mm, according to the linear model y = -9.6918 + 1.5963 x &#177; 3.1706 (r = 0.95; p < 0.001). The original external diameter increased from 0.72 &#177; 0.18 to 3.28 &#177; 0.40 mm, according to the linear function y = &#8211;1.5228 + 0.1428 x &#177; 0.2749 (r = 0.95; p < 0.001). The left common carotid artery-to-aortic root diameter ratio increased from 0.356 &#177; 0.062 to 0.480 &#177; 0.101. The left common carotid artery-to-aortic arch diameter ratio increased from 0.447 &#177; 0.079 to 0.535 &#177; &#177; 0.113. The volume ranged from 6.73 &#177; 4.06 to 369.30 &#177; 107.42 mm3 in accordance with the quadratic function y = 344.8 &#8211; 41.001 x + 1.254 x2 &#177; &#177; 46.955 (R2 = 0.87). The parameters examined have clinical application in the early recognition of arterial abnormalities, especially aortic coarctation

The retroperitoneal anastomoses of the gonadal veins in human foetuses

In the retroperitoneal space the gonadal veins form a collateral circulation that has a great clinical impact on sclerotherapy or surgical ligation of varicoceles. The aim of this study was to examine the communications of the gonadal veins (according to classification, frequency of appearance, gender and syntopic differences) in human foetuses of both sexes (71 males and 59 females) aged 4&#8211;6 months of intrauterine life. On the right side the most frequently were found the gonadal-periureteral anastomosis (23%) and the gonadal-perirenal anastomosis (22%). A gonadal-lumbar anastomosis on the right side appeared in 7% of cases. On the left side the most frequent (37%) was the gonadalperirenal anastomosis, more frequently occurring as an ovarian-perirenal anastomosis (48%) than as a testicular-perirenal anastomosis (29%). Gonadal-periureteral anastomoses were found in a quarter of cases. Gonadal-lumbar anastomoses were observed in 7% of individuals. On the left side the gonadal-mesenteric inferior anastomosis was specifically observed (21%) as an ovarian-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (24%) and a testicular-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (19%). The cross-communications between the right and left gonadal veins (7%) were more frequently as the bilateral testicular (9.7%) than as the bilateral ovarian one (3%). In female foetuses gonadal-perirenal anastomoses occurred with statistically greater frequency than gonadal-periureteral anastomoses (p &#8804; 0.05). The frequency of cross-communications of the gonadal veins was three times greater in male foetuses (p &#8804; 0.01). Statistical analysis revealed a significantly greater frequency of left-sided anastomoses: the gonadal-perirenal in both sexes (p &#8804; 0.05), the gonadal-periureteral in males (P &#8804; 0.05) and the gonadalmesenteric inferior in both sexes (p &#8804; 0.01)

The variability and morphometry of the brachiocephalic trunk in human foetuses

In prenatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery knowledge of the various arrangements of the aortic arch and its branches as well as the normative data are essential. The variability and morphometric features of the brachiocephalic trunk in 131 human foetuses (65 male, 66 female) ranging from 15 to 34 weeks of gestation were studied by means of anatomical, digital and statistical methods. In all the foetuses examined the left aortic arches were found to have three different arrangements. In 74.05% of cases the usual pattern of the aortic arch with its three main branches were observed. A common origin of the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery occurred in 20.61% of individuals. In 5.34% of cases the left vertebral artery was an additional vessel and arose from the aortic arch between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries. No significant gender differences were found with respect to the brachiocephalic trunk (p &#8805; 0.05). The developmental increase in length (r1 = 0.78) and diameter (r2 = 0.83) correlated with a linear function but the increase in volume in relation to age corresponded to a quadratic function (r3 = 0.73). Our results show the largest increases in the brachiocephalic trunk according to the following parameters: the length - between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 8th months, diameter - between the 8th and 9th months and volume - between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 9th months of gestation (p &#8804; 0.01). The present study constructs a normal range for the morphometric features of the foetal brachiocephalic trunk

Morphometry of the pancreas in human foetuses

With the use of conventional anatomical dissection, radiography, digital and statistical analysis, morphometry and skeletopy of the pancreas was carried out in 60 human foetuses of both sexes (28 female, 32 male) between the 17th and 40th week of intrauterine life. The material was fixed in a 10% formalin solution. The age of the foetuses was determined by crown-rump (CR) lenght measurement on the basis of the Iffy et al. tables. Photographic documentation was made and then digitally processed in the Computer Image Digital Analysis System. The following parameters were taken into account: the length and width of 3 parts of the pancreas, namely the head, corpus and tail. Additionally, radiograms were made to obtain a projection of the gland on the vertebral column. Development of the pancreas was correlated with the age of the foetuses calculated on the basis of crown-rump (CR) lenght measurements. The correlation coefficient with CR was 0.998 for the pancreas length, 0.709 for the width of the head, 0.703 for the width of the corpus and 0.712 for the width of tail. Gender dimorphism was not found (p > 0.05) with regard to the morphometry of the pancreas. In the material under examination the pancreas did not change its position in relation to the vertebral column. The head projected on the vertebral column in the range Th12&#8211;L2 (most frequently L1&#8211;L2), the corpus on Th12&#8211;L2 and the tail on Th11

Mesoscale texture of cement hydrates

Strength and other mechanical properties of cement and concrete rely upon the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) during cement hydration. Controlling structure and properties of the C-S-H phase is a challenge, due to the complexity of this hydration product and of the mechanisms that drive its precipitation from the ionic solution upon dissolution of cement grains in water. Departing from traditional models mostly focused on length scales above the micrometer, recent research addressed the molecular structure of C-S-H. However, small-angle neutron scattering, electron- microscopy imaging, and nanoindentation experiments suggest that its mesoscale organization, extending over hundreds of nanometers, may be more important. Here we unveil the C-S-H mesoscale texture, a crucial step to connect the fundamental scales to the macroscale of engineering properties. We use simulations that combine information of the nanoscale building units of C-S-H and their effective interactions, obtained from atomistic simulations and experiments, into a statistical physics framework for aggregating nanoparticles. We compute small-angle scattering intensities, pore size distributions, specific surface area, local densities, indentation modulus, and hardness of the material, providing quantitative understanding of different experimental investigations. Our results provide insight into how the heterogeneities developed during the early stages of hydration persist in the structure of C-S-H and impact the mechanical performance of the hardened cement paste. Unraveling such links in cement hydrates can be groundbreaking and controlling them can be the key to smarter mix designs of cementitious materials

Intracranial region of the vertebral artery: morphometric study in the context of clinical usefulness

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the morphometry of the intracranial segment of the vertebral artery in the context of clinical usefulness. The results were compared with published data available in full-text archived medical journals. Materials and methods: More than 100 digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and 3-dimensional (3D) angio-computed tomography (CT) examinations were used to measure the following parameters: the whole and partial length of V4 in characteristic anatomical points, the diameter in three places (on the level of foramen magnum, in point of exit to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and in the vertebro-basilar junction), the angle of connection to the vertebral arteries, and all anatomical variations including fenestration, duplication, dolichoectasia or absent artery. Results: The left V4 section was predominant over the right artery, which is manifested by length, width, cases of ectasia and fewer cases of hypoplasia. The incidences of V4 ectasia were identified more often than those documented in the accessible literature, and they were found in the natural location of formation of saccular aneurysms. Conclusions: The presented knowledge of anatomical variation and abnormali­ties of vertebral circulation can improve the accuracy and “safety” of the surgical procedures in this region, help to determine the range of surgical approach and avoid associated complications. The radiological examinations using 3D CT, DSA reveal unlimited observation of anatomical structures in contrast to studies based on cadavers, and can complement the morphometry in anatomical preparations

Development of a Sandwich ELISA to Measure Exposure to Occupational Cow Hair Allergens

Background: Cow hair and dander are important inducers of occupational allergies in cattle-exposed farmers. To estimate allergen exposure in farming environments, a sensitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to measure cow hair allergens. Methods: A sandwich ELISA was developed using polyclonal rabbit antibodies against a mixture of hair extracts from different cattle breeds. To assess the specificity of the assay, extracts from other mammalian epithelia, mites, molds and grains were tested. To validate the new assay, cow hair allergens were measured in passive airborne dust samples from the stables and homes of farmers. Dust was collected with electrostatic dust fall collectors (EDCs). Results: The sandwich ELISA was found to be very sensitive (detection limit: 0.1 ng/ml) and highly reproducible, demonstrating intra-and interassay coefficients of variation of 4 and 10%, respectively. The assay showed no reactivity with mites, molds and grains, but some cross-reactivity with other mammalian epithelia, with the strongest reaction with goat. Using EDCs for dust sampling, high concentrations of bovine allergens were measured in cow stables (4,760-559,400 mu g/m(2)). In addition, bovine allergens were detected in all areas of cattle farmer dwellings. A large variation was found between individual samples (0.3-900 mu g/m(2)) and significantly higher values were discovered in changing rooms. Conclusion: The ELISA developed for the detection of cow hair proteins is a useful tool for allergen quantification in occupational and home environments. Based on its low detection limit, this test is sensitive enough to detect allergens in passive airborne dust. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Occupational asthma caused by cobalt chloride in a diamond polisher after cessation of occupational exposure: a case report

Objectives: The inspiration of cobalt containing dust leads to various respiratory symptoms, including asthma and interstitial lung disease. Occupational asthma caused by cobalt chloride has been diagnosed in a 35-year-old patient, who worked as a diamond polishing disc former. The patient presented a 2-year history of dyspnea, cough and symptoms of rhinitis. Materials and Methods: The patient underwent a medical history interview, skin prick tests with common and occupational allergens (cobalt and nickel chloride), and pulmonary function testing both before and after the nasal provocation with 0.05% cobalt chloride. Additionally, the authors analyzed morphological and biochemical changes before and after the specific nasal challenge test. Cell proliferation analysis was also carried out. Results: Skin prick tests (SPTs) with common environmental allergens were found to be negative, while SPTs with cobalt chloride were positive for all applied solutions. The provocation with cobalt chloride caused a significant increase in the proportion of eosinophils, basophils and albumin during the late allergic reaction. The positive lymphocyte transformation caused by cobalt was also observed. Conclusions: Cobalt salts may induce occupational asthma. The mechanism of this asthma may be IgE-mediated. The cobalt-sensitized lymphocytes may play an important role in this disease