Modelling Catalytic Cracking In A Novel Riser Simulator (volumes I And Ii)

A 45 mL bench-scale internal recycle reactor, named a \u27Riser Simulator\u27 was used to study the kinetics of catalytic cracking. This reaction system is well suited for riser cracking reactions since it can be operated at reaction times as low as 3 seconds and can simulate the reaction regime of a riser. The reactor operates in a batch mode with a gas recirculation in the upward direction through the central catalyst zone to maintain a well fluidized bed.;Experimental runs performed in the unit included the cracking of two commercial feedstocks and three mixtures of pure light oil compounds with two commercial catalysts. The reactor conditions were varied with temperatures of 500, 525 and 550{dollar}\sp\circ{dollar}C; reaction times of 3 to 10 seconds and catalyst to oil ratios of 3 to 7. The products were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.;The kinetic parameters associated with the three lump model were evaluated based on a reactor model which intrinsically includes the effect of molar expansion during cracking. The kinetic values obtained fell in the range of values reported in other works using pilot scale riser units. Three different catalyst decay functions were used and it was found that first order decay was sufficient to describe the data for short contact times.;An eight lump model which takes into account feedstock composition (paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics) was also evaluated. The model predicted gasoline yields to within {dollar}\pm{dollar}2.3 wt% and light gases plus coke yields to within {dollar}\pm{dollar}3.9 wt%.;The information presented in this work should help furnish the existing gap of kinetic data for short contact time riser cracking. The Riser Simulator can be considered a valuable tool for determination of relevant kinetic data and could also be used for purposes of catalyst screening since it achieves a reaction regime which is more realistic for riser cracking than that achieved by the industry standard MAT unit

DIVISIONS BETWEEN ARKANSANS IN THE BROOKS-BAXTER WAR

Many historians have failed to consider seriously the role of the Brooks-Baxter War of 1874 in ending Reconstruction in Arkansas. Of those who have, they have not examined participants in the conflict nor attempted a robust study to determine who fought in the conflict. This thesis examines the soldiers and officers of the rival armies of Joseph Brooks and Elisha Baxter. It surveys the participants\u27 class, race, professions, places of birth, and especially places of residence at the time of the conflict. This analysis of the Brooks-Baxter War reaffirms other historians\u27 work on the fall of Reconstruction, while finding unique characteristics to Arkansas\u27s redemption, like substantial support from white Arkansans for upholding Reconstruction and instances of black Arkansans supporting the redeemer army of Elisha Baxter. It concludes that Arkansas redemption was typical of other redemptions in the South in the mid-1870s, insofar as the powerful role that the state Democratic Party and Democratic elites played in ending Reconstruction in the state. The Brooks-Baxter War shows, however, that redemption in Arkansas had a more moderate face in that explicit, naked white supremacist rhetoric was not as apparent in the overthrow of Reconstruction there as in some other Deep Southern states

Desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Recomendação Musical Sensível ao Contexto

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Ciências da Computação.Os sistemas de recomendação tem ganhado imensa relevância ao impulsionar diversos mercados com sua capacidade de alavancar vendas, por tal motivo têm sido amplamente estudados pela comunidade acadêmica desde os anos noventa. Sistemas de recomendação não são sistemas triviais, requerem conhecimentos multidisciplinares e conhecimentos específicos da ́area. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor e desenvolver um modelo de recomendador musical baseando-se na teoria de recomendação, buscando se valer de técnicas clássicas de recomendação e aplicando uma camada extra de filtragem contextual, adicionando informações contextuais ao processo com o intuito de testar os benefícios em potencial para a recomendação

Past, present and future distribution of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti: The European paradox

The global distribution of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is the subject of considerable attention because of its pivotal role as a biological vector of several high profile disease pathogens including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. There is also a lot of interest in the projected future species' distribution. However, less effort has been focused on its historical distribution, which has changed substantially over the past 100 years, especially in southern Europe where it was once widespread, but largely disappeared by the middle of the 20th century. The present work utilises all available historical records of the distribution of Ae. aegypti in southern Europe, the Near East within the Mediterranean Basin and North Africa from the late 19th century until the 1960's to construct a spatial distribution model using matching historical climatic and demographic data. The resulting model was then implemented using current climate and demographic data to assess the potential distribution of the vector in the present. The models were rerun with several different assumptions about the thresholds that determine habitat suitability for Ae. aegypti. The historical model matches the historical distributions well. When it is run with current climate values, the predicted present day distribution is somewhat broader than it used to be particularly in north-west France, North Africa and Turkey. Though it is beginning to reappear in the eastern Caucasus, this 'potential' distribution clearly does not match the actual distribution of the species, which suggests some other factors are responsible for its absence. Future distributions based on the historical model also do not match future distributions derived from models based only on present day vector distributions, which predict little or no presence in the Mediterranean Region. At the same time, the vector is widespread in the USA which is predicted to consolidate its range there in future. This contradiction and the implication for possible re-invasion of Europe are discussed

Overload Injury of the Knees With Resistance-Exercise Overtraining: A Case Study

This is the publisher's version, also found at http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=cc60431c-6281-4940-bc2d-85f4c9ff2060%40sessionmgr11&hid=17&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=SPHS-67196

Effects of Physical Conditioning on Intercollegiate Golfer Performance

This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of a physical conditioning program on clubhead speed, consistency, and putting distance control in 10 men and 6 women National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I golfers. Supervised strength, power, and flexibility training was performed 3 times per week for 11 weeks. Performance tests were conducted before and after the training period. Significant (p \u3c 0.05) increases were noted for all strength, power, and flexibility tests from pre- to posttraining of between 7.3 and 19.9%. Clubhead speed in- creased significantly (1.6%), equating to approximately a 4.9-m increase in driving distance. Putting distance control significantly improved for the men-only group (29.6%), whereas there was no significant difference in putting distance control for the total and women-only groups. Eleven weeks of golf-specific physical conditioning increased clubhead speed without a negative effect on consistency or putting distance control in intercollegiate men and women golfers

Resistance training and youth

This is the publisher's version, also found at http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&sid=34ab1967-2aea-457b-b261-e90e7b05e38c%40sessionmgr11&hid=2&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=20752095The use of resistance training for children has increased in popularity and interest. It appears that children are capable of voluntary strength gains. Exercise prescription in younger populations is critical and requires certain program variables to be altered tTom adult perspectives. Individualization is vital, as the rate of physiological maturation has an impact on the adaptations that occur, The major difference in programs for children is the use of lighter loads (i.e., > 6 RM loads). It appears that longer duration programs (i.e., 10-20 wks) are better for observing training adaptations. This may be due to the fact that it takes more exercise to stimulate adaptational mechanisms related to strength performance beyond that of normal growth rates. The risk of injury appears low during participation in a resistance training program, and this risk is minimized with proper supervision and instruction. Furthermore, with the incidence of injury in youth sports, participation in a resistance training program may provide a protective advantage in one's preparation for sports participation

Changes in Cytokines of the Bone Microenvironment during Breast Cancer Metastasis

It is commonly accepted that cancer cells interact with host cells to create a microenvironment favoring malignant colonization. The complex bone microenvironment produces an ever changing array of cytokines and growth factors. In this study, we examined levels of MCP-1, IL-6, KC, MIP-2, VEGF, MIG, and eotaxin in femurs of athymic nude mice inoculated via intracardiac injection with MDA-MB-231GFP human metastatic breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231BRMS1GFP, a metastasis suppressed variant, or PBS. Animals were euthanized (day 3, 11, 19, 27 after injection) to examine femoral cytokine levels at various stages of cancer cell colonization. The epiphysis contained significantly more cytokines than the diaphysis except for MIG which was similar throughout the bone. Variation among femurs was evident within all groups. By day 27, MCP-1, MIG, VEGF and eotaxin levels were significantly greater in femurs of cancer cell-inoculated mice. These pro-osteoclastic and angiogenic cytokines may manipulate the bone microenvironment to enhance cancer cell colonization