Background Topography Affects the Degree of Three‐Dimensionality of Tidal Sand Waves

Offshore tidal sand waves on the sandy bed of shallow continental shelf seas are more three-dimensional (3D) in some places than others, where 3D refers to a pattern that shows variations in three spatial directions. Such sand waves have crestlines that meander, split or merge. The degree of three-dimensionality seems to vary especially when large-scale bedforms, such as tidal sand banks, are present underneath the sand waves. Understanding this behavior is important for offshore activities, such as offshore windfarm construction or the maintenance of navigation channels. In this study, the degree of three-dimensionality of sand waves at five sites in the North Sea is quantified with a new measure. Results show that tidal sand waves on top of tidal sand banks are more two-dimensional (2D) than those on bank slopes or in open areas. These differences in sand wave pattern are supported by numerical simulations performed with a new long-term sand wave model. The primary cause of these differences is attributed to the deflection of tidal flow over a sand bank, which causes sand wave crests to be more aligned with the bank at its top than at its slopes. It is subsequently made plausible that the different patterns result from the competition between two known mechanisms. These mechanisms are nonlinear interactions between sand waves themselves (SW-SW interactions) and nonlinear interactions between sand banks and sand waves (SB-SW interactions). On bank tops, SB-SW interactions favor a 2D pattern, while SW-SW interactions, which elsewhere produce a 3D pattern, are less effective

Background Topography Affects the Degree of Three-Dimensionality of Tidal Sand Waves

Offshore tidal sand waves on the sandy bed of shallow continental shelf seas are more three-dimensional (3D) in some places than others, where 3D refers to a pattern that shows variations in three spatial directions. Such sand waves have crestlines that meander, split or merge. The degree of three-dimensionality seems to vary especially when large-scale bedforms, such as tidal sand banks, are present underneath the sand waves. Understanding this behavior is important for offshore activities, such as offshore windfarm construction or the maintenance of navigation channels. In this study, the degree of three-dimensionality of sand waves at five sites in the North Sea is quantified with a new measure. Results show that tidal sand waves on top of tidal sand banks are more two-dimensional (2D) than those on bank slopes or in open areas. These differences in sand wave pattern are supported by numerical simulations performed with a new long-term sand wave model. The primary cause of these differences is attributed to the deflection of tidal flow over a sand bank, which causes sand wave crests to be more aligned with the bank at its top than at its slopes. It is subsequently made plausible that the different patterns result from the competition between two known mechanisms. These mechanisms are nonlinear interactions between sand waves themselves (SW-SW interactions) and nonlinear interactions between sand banks and sand waves (SB-SW interactions). On bank tops, SB-SW interactions favor a 2D pattern, while SW-SW interactions, which elsewhere produce a 3D pattern, are less effective

Financial problems of people with psychotic disorders:- a qualitative study

AimTo qualitatively explore people with psychotic disorders’ (PD) perspectives on their financial problems and the causes for these problems. BackgroundFinancial capacity is pivotal for independent living (e.g., grocery shopping, paying bills), and financial incapacity can have far-reaching consequences (e.g., poverty, diminished societal participation, losing financial independence). Finances are a key challenge for people with PD. They often rely on government benefits as their source of income, with approximately one-third of people being unemployed. Sometimes, caregivers or financial guardians have to intervene. Most studies addressing financial problems of people with PD use a quantitative approach. One qualitative study suggests that psychotic experiences interrupted people’s working situation and, therefore, their financial stability. However, scientific literature on this topic is scarce. A broader and richer approach to studying financial problems of people with PD is thus urgently needed. MethodFourteen people with PD were recruited using purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted. The Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven served as an iterative guide for data-analysis.Results People with PD face many financial problems, sometimes even triggering psychosis. These are subdivided into four categories: covering expenses, financial management, housing, and conflicts and legal problems. Causes for financial problems consist of seven categories: psychotic vulnerability directly (e.g., due to positive symptoms), indirectly (e.g., due to high healthcare costs), substance use, high costs, overspending, fraud, and a lack of developed financial skills. Categories are illustrated with relevant quotations. Conclusions People with PD experience various and often multiple financial problems, from having a limited budget to homelessness. This study uniquely describes the wide-ranging causes for these problems, both related and unrelated to psychotic vulnerability. Thus, financial problems of people with PD is an important, complex topic that deserves more clinical and scientific attention. Future studies could focus on perspectives of other stakeholders (e.g. caregivers)

Financial problems of people with psychotic disorders:- a qualitative study

AimTo qualitatively explore people with psychotic disorders’ (PD) perspectives on their financial problems and the causes for these problems. BackgroundFinancial capacity is pivotal for independent living (e.g., grocery shopping, paying bills), and financial incapacity can have far-reaching consequences (e.g., poverty, diminished societal participation, losing financial independence). Finances are a key challenge for people with PD. They often rely on government benefits as their source of income, with approximately one-third of people being unemployed. Sometimes, caregivers or financial guardians have to intervene. Most studies addressing financial problems of people with PD use a quantitative approach. One qualitative study suggests that psychotic experiences interrupted people’s working situation and, therefore, their financial stability. However, scientific literature on this topic is scarce. A broader and richer approach to studying financial problems of people with PD is thus urgently needed. MethodFourteen people with PD were recruited using purposive sampling. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted. The Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven served as an iterative guide for data-analysis.Results People with PD face many financial problems, sometimes even triggering psychosis. These are subdivided into four categories: covering expenses, financial management, housing, and conflicts and legal problems. Causes for financial problems consist of seven categories: psychotic vulnerability directly (e.g., due to positive symptoms), indirectly (e.g., due to high healthcare costs), substance use, high costs, overspending, fraud, and a lack of developed financial skills. Categories are illustrated with relevant quotations. Conclusions People with PD experience various and often multiple financial problems, from having a limited budget to homelessness. This study uniquely describes the wide-ranging causes for these problems, both related and unrelated to psychotic vulnerability. Thus, financial problems of people with PD is an important, complex topic that deserves more clinical and scientific attention. Future studies could focus on perspectives of other stakeholders (e.g. caregivers)