Measuring liquid droplet size in two-phase nozzle flow employing numerical and experimental analyses

The flavoring process ensures the quality of cigarettes by endowing them with special tastes. In this process, the flavoring liquid is atomized into particles by a nozzle and mixed with the tobacco in a rotating drum. The particle size of the flavoring liquid has great influence on the atomization effect; however, limited research has addressed the quantitation of the liquid particle size in two-phase nozzle flow. To bridge this research gap, the authors of this study employed numerical and experimental techniques to explore the quantitative analysis of particle size. First, a simulation model for the flavoring nozzle was established to investigate the atomization effect under different ejection pressures. Then, an experimental test is carried out to compare the test results with the simulation results. Lastly, the influencing factors of liquid particle size in two-phase nozzle flow were analyzed to quantify particle size. The analysis results demonstrated that there was a cubic correction relationship between the simulation and experiment particle size. The findings of this study may provide a reliable reference when evaluating the atomization effect of flavoring nozzles

An insight into the effect surface morphology, processing, and lubricating conditions on tribological properties of Ti6Al4V and UHMWPE pairs

The effects of surface topography, processing, and environment conditions during tribological contact between Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and UHMWPE friction pairs were systematically evaluated. Hence, in this research the polyethylene samples (blocks) having a constant surface roughness were rubbed against counter-bodies (rollers) made of titanium alloy with different roughness of surfaces. The counter-samples were manufactured using either dry machining and/or minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. Such cutting conditions are harmless to humans and the environment. Simulated body fluid (SBF) and distilled water was used to simulate the tribological trials. We have noted that the lubricant applied to protect the integrity of machined parts, the rollers, have only minor impact on the tribological features of the friction pairs tested. Further, the samples produced with dry machining demonstrated a slightly lower momentary friction coefficient and temperature. In contrast, the MQL method enable reduced friction surface and significant wear accumulation. Further, it was found that the minimum and maximum values of the Sa texture parameter associated to tribological parameters do not exceed 21% and 4%, when is used dry and MQL methods, respectively. Nevertheless, the distilled water revealed a much better wear resistance when comparing to SBF, and the later one trigger as well as an accentuated wear progress with different patterns. The results of the study are important in the design of new biomedical components produced by finish turning

Cutting tool wear in turning 316L stainless steel in the conditions of minimized lubrication

316L stainless steel has emerged as one of the most used material in design and manufacturing for automotive, aerospace, marine, civil nuclear to produce critical components (valves, seats, pipes etc.). Despite, their huge application, during the machining of 316L stainless steel numerous challenges arise in terms of tool wear that are very detrimental for the surface of machined part. To obtain an extended life of tool used for machining commonly 316L stainless steel two different methods of cooling based on minimum lubrication condition, namely Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method and Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL) with the addition of extreme pressure and anti-wear (EP/AW) method, respectively were settled. The use of the MQL method resulted in a reduction of the cutting tool wear by approximately 9% compared to the MQCL + EP / AW method and by approximately 21% compared to dry machining. Further, the highest values of wear indices were achieved during dry machining and the lowest ones in the method of minimized lubrication which validate the minimum lubrication as beneficial for reducing the wear progress

The application of response surface method to optimization of precision ball end milling

This paper is focused on the multi criteria optimization of precision ball end milling process of hardened 55NiCrMoV6 steel. The proposed method enables the selection of optimal input parameters which affect the minimization of cutting forces and vibrations signals, as well as the maximization of process efficiency. The experiment includes the measurement of forces and vibrations during the milling tests with variable input parameters. Ultimately, the optimization of the ball end milling process with the application of response surface method is carried out

Analysis of the influence of forming tool geometry on clinching joint for cylindrical surfaces

Clinching is a technique for joining metal sheets without the use of welds or screws. This method of joining uses only the energy of the joining process and no consumables to achieve local deformation of metal pieces. It is also a straightforward method for attaching metal sheets with thicknesses between about 0.5 and 3mm, and the maximum joint thickness is about 6mm. Clinching is often reserved for high-volume, low-demand applications like home appliances, HVAC parts, and automobile assemblies. This article describe clinching of cylindrical surfaces on prototype stand with different tools. Explanation of clinching and description of prototype stand for joining cylindrical surfaces. The differences od tooling is made by change of shape and size and analysis samples were made from aluminum 3003. The connection was studied by put into shear strength test and endurance test strength and check under the microscope thickness of the deformed walls

Roughness Parameters Calculation By Means Of On-Line Vibration Monitoring Emerging From AWJ Interaction With Material

The paper deals with a study of relations between the measured Ra, Rq, Rz surface roughness parameters, the traverse speed of cutting head v and the vibration parameters, PtP, RMS, vRa, generated during abrasive water jet cutting of the AISI 309 stainless steel. Equations for prediction of the surface roughness parameters were derived according to the vibration parameter and the traverse speed of cutting head. Accuracy of the equations is described according to the Euclidean distances. The results are suitable for an on-line control model simulating abrasive water jet cutting and machining using an accompanying physical phenomenon for the process control which eliminates intervention of the operator

Performance assessment of carbon dots based nano cutting fluids in improving the machining characteristics of additively manufactured 316L stainless steelFuture Recommendations

The advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) over conventional manufacturing techniques, such as the ability to build parts with complicated geometry, have led to a rise in its applications in recent years. However, the mechanical and tribological qualities of an additively manufactured (AMed) parts are distinct from those of a conventionally made components because of the layer-by-layer nature of AM process. However, there is a need to machine these complex geometries of AMed components to achieve the desired final dimension and surface finish. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of four environmental regimes (dry, flood, MQL, and N-MQL) on the metal cutting of AMed 316L stainless steel specimen, with a focus on the efficacy of N-MQL lubrication containing rice bran oil + carbon dots (CDs) particles. Responses measured include cutting temperature, surface roughness (Ra), tool wear, microstructure, and micro-hardness. Outcomes show that N-MQL outperforms other cutting regimes, offering enhanced machining performance and surface quality, making it a crucial choice for AMed specimens

A new industrially magnetic capsule MedRobot integrated with smart motion controller

Capsule medical robots with unique application advantages have broad prospects for gastrointestinal detection, targeted drug delivery, medical assistance, and other fields. However, due to the complexity of the gastrointestinal environment and the limitations of the space magnetic field, robust motion control of capsule robots is still a challenge. Using a permanent magnet (NdFeB) as a space magnetic source, a capsule robot manipulation instrument with an integrated motion intelligent control approach is proposed in this work. First of all, a steering fixture controlling a permanent magnet is designed, and a manipulation instrument capable of five degrees of motion freedom is built with low cost and high accuracy. Furthermore, an integrated motion control approach, consisting of a primary motion subsystem and an auxiliary motion subsystem, is presented, where the motion route of the capsule robot is planned. A parallel optimization strategy is adopted to improve the traditional Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm, the improved version of which is utilized to tune the parameters of controllers. Finally, some experiments of the designed capsule robot are carried out in different planes and slopes, as well as simulated stomach and real pig stomach, respectively. The results show that the motion characteristics are continuous and stable, and the average position error is 4.2 mm, which meets the application requirements