8 research outputs found
Analysis of competition effects in mono- and mixed cultures of Juvenile Beech and Spruce by means of the plant growth simulation model PLATHO.
Inter- and intra-specific competition between plants
for external resources is a critical process for plant growth in
natural and managed ecosystems. We present a new approach
to simulate competition for the resources light, water, and nitrogen
between individual plants within a canopy. This approach
was incorporated in a process-oriented plant growth simulation
model. The concept of modelling competition is based on competition
coefficients calculated from the overlap of occupied
crown and soil volumes of each plant individual with the occupied
volumes of its four nearest neighbours. The model was parameterised
with data from a two-year phytotron experiment
with juvenile beech and spruce trees growing in mono- and
mixed cultures. For testing the model, an independent data set
from this experiment and data from a second phytotron experiment
with mixed cultures were used. The model was applied to
analyse the consequences of start conditions and plant density
on plant-plant competition. In both experiments, spruce dominated
beech in mixed cultures. Based on model simulations, we
postulate a large influence of start conditions and stand density
on the outcome of the competition between the species. When
both species have similar heights at the time of canopy closure,
the model suggests a greater morphological plasticity of beech
compared with spruce to be the crucial mechanism for competitiveness
in mixed canopies. Similar to the experiment, in the
model greater plasticity was a disadvantage for beech leading
to it being outcompeted by the more persistent spruce
Comparison between AOT40 and ozone uptake in forest trees of different species, age and site conditions.
The current AOT40 concept for inferring risks in forest trees by ozone (O-3) injury is based on an accumulated external O-3 exposure rather than an internal O-3 dose or uptake rate. AOT40 assumes O-3 concentrations below 40 nl l(-1) and night-time exposure to be negligible. Hence, this concept is rather inconsistent with observed forest conditions. In contrast, the flux concept of cumulative O-3 uptake (CU) into the leaves has the potential of reflecting a physiologically meaningful internal O-3 dose experienced by trees. In this paper, we relate AOT40 to cumulative O-3 uptake into European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European larch (Larix decidua) and cembran pine (Pinus cembra) trees differing in size, age and site conditions. We demonstrate that the flux concept can be extended to the tree and the stand level, making use of sap flow measurements through tree trunks. Although in both seedlings and adult trees AOT40 may show some linearity in correlations with average CU, the latter varies, at given AOT40, by 25 +/- 11% within and between species. This is because O-3 flux is primarily influenced by stomatal aperture, the latter being affected by climate, canopy position, leaf and tree age while varying between species. In particular, if weighed by detoxification capacity, we suggest, therefore, O-3 uptake related air quality indices to be promoted towards ecologically meaningful standards in forest protection, overcoming the shortcomings of exposure concepts. As O-3 injury results from the balance between O-3 uptake and detoxification in the leaf mesophyll, we conclude the flux concept in combination with measures of biochemical defence to have the capacity for predicting tree response to O-3 stress