Technological approaches to the extraction and purification by ultrafiltration techniques of target protein molecules from animal tissues: a review

Effective isolation and purification of protein is a great challenge nowadays. The key aspect is protein stability and solubility, which primarily depend on protein structure and its amino acid sequence. Manipulations with pH and ionic strength are the first at  tempts to increase protein stability and solubility. Different additives that are allowed or prohibited in the food industry are applied for overcoming protein aggregation. Sugars, polyhydric alcohols and amino acids are the most attractive among them. Trehalose, glycerol, arginine, glycine and proline demonstrated outstanding properties that make them perspective for application during iso  lation and purification of proteins singly or in combination with each other or othercompounds. However, the algorithm of effective isolation and purification of protein could be significantly varied depending on its structure. Effective isolation and purification of protein is a great challenge nowadays. The key aspect is protein stability and solubility, which primarily depend on protein structure and its amino acid sequence. Manipulations with pH and ionic strength are the first at  tempts to increase protein stability and solubility. Different additives that are allowed or prohibited in the food industry are applied for overcoming protein aggregation. Sugars, polyhydric alcohols and amino acids are the most attractive among them. Trehalose, glycerol, arginine, glycine and proline demonstrated outstanding properties that make them perspective for application during iso  lation and purification of proteins singly or in combination with each other or othercompounds. However, the algorithm of effective isolation and purification of protein could be significantly varied depending on its structure

SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF NATURAL PLANT ANTIOXIDANTS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY

According to the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global food losses are about one third of their total output, mainly due to spoilage. Therefore, a search for safe methods of shelf life extension is an important task, especially for products for specialized nutrition. According to literature data, natural antioxidants can be alternative to existing preservatives due to its ability to inhibit oxidation of the main nutrients. Pulp, seeds and peel of quince, apple «Simirenko», feijoa, persimmon, Jerusalem artichoke, white, red and yellow onion were objects of the study. The total antioxidant capacity was determined by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods and expressed in µmol equiv. Trolox / g of sample and µmol equiv. Dihydroquercetin / g of sample. It was noticed that peels demonstrated higher antioxidant activity, and red onion husk possessed the highest value, which was 722.8 ± 13.9 µmol equiv. Dihydroquercetin / g of sample and 3357.5 ± 42.2 µmol equiv. Trolox / g of sample. It was shown that the use of fruit and vegetable wastes is promising for production of food-grade antioxidants. In addition, the results of the research could facilitate stimulation of rational and efficient environmental management.According to the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global food losses are about one third of their total output, mainly due to spoilage. Therefore, a search for safe methods of shelf life extension is an important task, especially for products for specialized nutrition. According to literature data, natural antioxidants can be alternative to existing preservatives due to its ability to inhibit oxidation of the main nutrients. Pulp, seeds and peel of quince, apple «Simirenko», feijoa, persimmon, Jerusalem artichoke, white, red and yellow onion were objects of the study. The total antioxidant capacity was determined by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods and expressed in µmol equiv. Trolox / g of sample and µmol equiv. Dihydroquercetin / g of sample. It was noticed that peels demonstrated higher antioxidant activity, and red onion husk possessed the highest value, which was 722.8 ± 13.9 µmol equiv. Dihydroquercetin / g of sample and 3357.5 ± 42.2 µmol equiv. Trolox / g of sample. It was shown that the use of fruit and vegetable wastes is promising for production of food-grade antioxidants. In addition, the results of the research could facilitate stimulation of rational and efficient environmental management

Technological approaches to the extraction and purification by ultrafiltration techniques of target protein molecules from animal tissues: a review

Effective isolation and purification of protein is a great challenge nowadays. The key aspect is protein stability and solubility, which primarily depend on protein structure and its amino acid sequence. Manipulations with pH and ionic strength are the first at  tempts to increase protein stability and solubility. Different additives that are allowed or prohibited in the food industry are applied for overcoming protein aggregation. Sugars, polyhydric alcohols and amino acids are the most attractive among them. Trehalose, glycerol, arginine, glycine and proline demonstrated outstanding properties that make them perspective for application during iso  lation and purification of proteins singly or in combination with each other or othercompounds. However, the algorithm of effective isolation and purification of protein could be significantly varied depending on its structure

Comparative analysis of FDI determinants in Russia and BRICS Countries

© 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. In recent years changes in direction of foreign direct investments (FDI) started to attract more attention of economists. In this paper different economic indicators and variables as a factor of FDI growth are investigated. In the first part weregiven different classifications of FDI determinants. The second part was based on quantitative analysis of FDI determinants in BRICS countries. Data for analysis was provided by World Bank database of economic statistics. The last part includes polynomial regression model for Russia’s FDI inflows and their dependence on different variables

Biotechnological techniques for intensification of protein extraction from the porcine pancreas

Processing of secondary products after slaughter of farm animals is in demand. The pancreas is a rich source of bioactive protein substances, effective extraction of which is a serious problem today due to their aggregation. The aim of the work was to assess the extractivity of protein substances of the porcine pancreas using sodium chloride, trehalose, arginine, and combination of glycine and proline. The protein concentration was determined in the obtained extracts by the biuret reaction and their protein composition was assessed by densitometry of two-dimensional electropherograms using software ImageMaster™ 2D Platinum powered by Melanie 8.0. The results showed a positive effect of anti-aggregation agents on the release of protein substances into a solution. The highest protein concentration (33.36±0.64 g/l) was observed when adding 1М L-arginine; however, it was conditioned mainly by an increase in the content of three major protein fractions rather than by diversity of the protein composition. In general, the use of 0.9% NaCl as an extractive agent was quite effective, but selectivity to certain protein groups was observed for anti-aggregation agents such as sodium chloride, trehalose, arginine, glycine and proline, as well as their combination. The obtained results are important for intensifying extraction of protein substances including target ones with the subsequent application in different fields

Methodology of adipose tissue type detection in mammals

Nowadays, an interest in studying the composition, properties and functions of adipose tissue (AT) is growing among researchers, which is conditioned by its important role in the normal functioning of the body. Due to different types of adipose tissue (AT) in mammals (white, beige, brown and pink) and different physiological tasks performed by each type of AT, rapid, correct and effective detection of an AT type is highly topical. Methods used today are labor consuming and in the case of NMR and CT expensive, which limits possibilities of scientists. In this connection, the aim of this research was to develop a methodological approach allowing rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type. A methodology was formed based on the concept, formalized requirements for the method, step-wise structure of investigations and interpretation of results. The concept is based on differences in the structure of the adipose cell (adipocyte) of different AT types. The method is based on extraction of heme containing proteins. To this end, solvents and parameters of extraction that facilitate their better extraction have been chosen. An AT type has been determined by the total content of iron contained in the cytochrome fragment. Our own modification was selected. This modification includes preliminary mincing of a sample with the ice-cold TES buffer (pH 8.5) in a ratio of 1:5 (g: mL), homogenization at 9,000 rpm for 2 min with the following centrifugation at 10,000 g and 4 °C for 15 min. Effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed by the histological and electrophoretic analyses. Therefore, the new methodology of identification and differentiation of adipocytes was proposed for rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type.Nowadays, an interest in studying the composition, properties and functions of adipose tissue (AT) is growing among researchers, which is conditioned by its important role in the normal functioning of the body. Due to different types of adipose tissue (AT) in mammals (white, beige, brown and pink) and different physiological tasks performed by each type of AT, rapid, correct and effective detection of an AT type is highly topical. Methods used today are labor consuming and in the case of NMR and CT expensive, which limits possibilities of scientists. In this connection, the aim of this research was to develop a methodological approach allowing rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type. A methodology was formed based on the concept, formalized requirements for the method, step-wise structure of investigations and interpretation of results. The concept is based on differences in the structure of the adipose cell (adipocyte) of different AT types. The method is based on extraction of heme containing proteins. To this end, solvents and parameters of extraction that facilitate their better extraction have been chosen. An AT type has been determined by the total content of iron contained in the cytochrome fragment. Our own modification was selected. This modification includes preliminary mincing of a sample with the ice-cold TES buffer (pH 8.5) in a ratio of 1:5 (g: mL), homogenization at 9,000 rpm for 2 min with the following centrifugation at 10,000 g and 4 °C for 15 min. Effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed by the histological and electrophoretic analyses. Therefore, the new methodology of identification and differentiation of adipocytes was proposed for rapid and effective detection of an adipose tissue type

Behavioral and neuronal responses of two mouse species, Mus musculus and Mus spicilegus, to con- and heterospecific olfactory signals

The behavioral and neuronal responses of the males of two closely related species of mice (Mus musculus  wagneri, M. spicilegus) to the urine odors of estrus con- and heterospecific females were studied. In two-choice odor tests males significantly longer investigated odor of conspecific females in comparison with heterospecific ones. To investigate neuronal activation in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB), one of the methods of functional tomography – manganese-enhanced MRI ( ME-MRI) – was used. There was a significant increase in Mn2+ accumulation in the dorsal section of the posterior part of the MOB in male M. m. wagneri and M. spicilegus exposed to odor of conspecific females compared with the control group males (odor not exposed). There was a local significant increase in manganese accumulation in the dorsal region of the anterior part of the MOB in the case of the exposure of odor of a heterospecific female. The exposure of heptanone-2 to mice resulted not only in an increase in Mn2+ accumulation in certain zones, but also in a significant decrease in the accumulation of Mn2+ in the rest of the olfactory bulbs. A significant increase in the accumulation of MRI contrast in AOB was observed in males only in the case of female urine-conspecific odor exposure. The results support the previously stated assumption of a significant difference in chemical communication systems in two species of mice. A comparison of these results and results obtained previously demonstrated the absence of any differences in behavioral and neuronal responses to con- and heterospecific odors of the house mouse subspecies allopatric (M. m. wagneri) and sympatric (M. m. musculus) to M. spicilegus. This fact does not allow us to assume the effect of the mechanism of “reinforcement” in the process of evolution in the formation of precopulatory reproductive isolation between the sympatric species M. spicilegus and M. musculus

АНАЛИЗ ЖИРНОКИСЛОТНОГО СОСТАВА СЫВОРОТКИ КРОВИ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ КРЫС С МОДЕЛЬЮ ГИПЕРЛИПИДЕМИИ ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПИЩЕВОГО ПРОДУКТА

A special area in the rapidly growing range of food products is occupied by specialized and functional products, especially for certain categories of citizens. In addition to confirming their biocorrective properties, it’s necessary to balance protein, fat and carbohydrates contents as well as the availability of essential nutrients. The developed meat product based on porcine hearts and aorta was characterized by a high protein content (17.53±0.95%), with a low fat content (3.82±0.13%), the atherogenic index was 0.43. According to in vivo study results, it was shown that the introduction of developed product during 42 days into the diet of hyperlipidemic rats lead to a decrease in the relative content of saturated fatty acids by 21.1%(P<0.05), mainly due to palmitic fatty acid reduction by 42.0% (P<0.05) compared with the control. The observed modifications of serum fatty acid composition resulted in the reduction of atherogenic index by 43.3% (P<0.05). The revealed positive dynamics of lipid metabolism recovery in hyperlipidemic rats makes it possible to recommend the developed product as a component of diet therapy, concomitant to the main treatment, for persons with risk of cardiovascular diseases, in particular, due to dyslipidemias.Особое место в интенсивно разрастающемся ассортименте пищевой продукции занимают продукты специализированного и функционального назначения, в том числе для отдельных категорий граждан. Помимо подтверждения их биокорригирующих свойств важна их сбалансированность по белкам, жирам и углеводам, наличие эссенциальных нутриентов. Разработанные консервы фаршевые на основе сердец и аорт свиней характеризовались высоким содержанием белка (17,53±0,95%), при достаточно низком содержании жира (3,82±0,13%), индекс атерогенности составил всего 0,43. В эксперименте in vivo было показано, что внесение консервов фаршевых в течение 42 суток в рацион крыс с моделью алиментарной гиперлипидемии способствовало снижению относительного содержания насыщенных жирных кислот на 21,1% (Р<0,05), преимущественно за счет уменьшения содержания пальмитиновой жирной кислоты на 42,0% (Р<0,05). Мононенасыщенные жирные кислоты также были снижены на 26,9% (Р<0,05). Выявленная положительная динамика восстановления липидного обмена у крыс с гиперлипидемией позволяет рекомендовать разработанный продукт в качестве компонента диетотерапии, сопутствующей к основному лечению, для лиц, состоящих в группе риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, в частности, за счет выявленных дислипидемий.

Variability of Fragments of Nuclear Brca1 Gene, Exon 11, and Mitochondrial Cox1 Gene in House Mice Mus musculus

To clarify genetic differences between subspecies of the house mouse Mus musculus, their distribution, and hybridization, we first conducted a comparative analysis of variability of nucleotide sequences of fragments of the nuclear gene Brca1, exon 11 (2331 bp), and mitochondrial gene Cox1 (1260 bp) in 40 house mice from West and East Europe, Transcaucasia, Siberia, and Central and South Asia. Brca1 genotypes were divided into five main groups, which differed in a number of fixed substitutions. Genotypes of each group are characteristic for the certain geographical region and the following subspecies: M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. wagneri together with M. m. gansuensis; a fifth group corresponds to an unidentified subspecies or a distinct genetic form of M. musculus from India (Sikkim State). Besides the homozygous specimens, we revealed mice, which were heterozygous for all diagnostic loci simultaneously; these specimens were determined as hybrid. Hybrid mice were mainly found in the zones of contact of subspecies, but in some cases, quite far from one of the parent subspecies (possibly, due to transportation). In two hybrid mice (from Bakhtiari Province of Iran and Transbaikalia of Russia), unique Brca1 haplotypes were detected. It cannot be ruled out that, at least partly, they may be characteristic of the M. m. bactrianus and M. m. gansuensis subspecies, respectively. Thus, the results of the study showed that the nuclear Brca1 gene is a promising molecular genetic marker for the analysis of variability, differentiation, and hybridization of house mice as well for subspecific identification of M. musculus specimens. Despite more rapid evolution of the Cox1 gene, it is not well suited for discrimination of M.m. musculus, M. m. wagneri, M. m. gansuensis specimens and Transcaucasian representatives of M.m. domesticus due to introgression and long-term maintenance of foreign mitochondrial DNA in populations. However, Cox1 gene analysis (along with the diagnostics of animals by nuclear DNA) may be useful for estimation of population differences in M. m. castaneus and M.m. domesticus subspecies