9 research outputs found
The impact of general and carbon-related environmental knowledge on attitudes and behaviour of US consumers
Global warming and carbon emissions have gained international attention. However, it would appear that consumers are still unclear about what it encompasses and how it relates to their individual behaviour. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) as a guiding framework, this study presents a structural equation model that tests the relationships between carbon and environmental knowledge, environmental attitude and behaviour using a sample of US consumers. The findings of the research suggest that a positive relationship was found between general and carbon-specific knowledge, attitude towards the environment, and general and carbon-specific behaviours. Therefore, general and carbon-specific environmental behaviours are related and may be driven by general attitudes and knowledge (i.e. both carbon-specific and general environmental knowledge). The implications of the study would suggest that marketers, working in tandem with government policymakers, need to focus efforts on developing consumers' knowledge about specific sub-issues, such as global warming. However, additional research needs to be undertaken to develop marketing communication that accurately reflects the environmental impact of consumption behaviour, thereby allowing for considered consumption
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Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) and PostâTrial Cardiovascular Events and Mortality Within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) EstrogenâAlone Trial
Background: Among women aged 50 to 59 years at baseline in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) EstrogenâAlone (EâAlone) trial, randomization to conjugated equine estrogenâalone versus placebo was associated with lower risk of myocardial infarction and mortality, and, in an ancillary study, the WHIâCACS (WHI Coronary Artery Calcification Study) with lower CAC, measured by cardiac computed tomography â8.7 years after baseline randomization. We hypothesized that higher CAC would be related to postâtrial coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality, independent of baseline randomization or risk factors. Methods and Results: WHIâCACS participants (n=1020) were followed â8 years from computed tomography scan in 2005 (mean age=64.4) through 2013 for incident CHD (myocardial infarction and fatal CHD, n=17), CVD (n=69), and total mortality (n=55). Incident CHD and CVD analyses excluded women with CVD before scan (n=89). Women with CAC=0 (n=54%) had very low ageâadjusted rates/1000 personâyears of CHD (0.91), CVD (5.56), and mortality (3.45). In comparison, rates were â2âfold higher for women with any CAC (>0). Associations were not modified by baseline randomization to conjugated equine estrogenâalone versus placebo. Adjusted for baseline randomization and risk factors, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CAC >100 (19%) was 4.06 (2.11, 7.80) for CVD and 2.70 (1.26, 5.79) for mortality. Conclusions: Among a subset of postmenopausal women aged 50 to 59 years at baseline in the WHI EâAlone Trial, CAC at mean age of 64 years was strongly related to incident CHD, CVD, and to total mortality over â8 years, independent of baseline randomization to conjugated equine estrogenâalone versus placebo or CVD risk factors. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000611