191 research outputs found
Boosting computational power through spatial multiplexing in quantum reservoir computing
Quantum reservoir computing provides a framework for exploiting the natural
dynamics of quantum systems as a computational resource. It can implement
real-time signal processing and solve temporal machine learning problems in
general, which requires memory and nonlinear mapping of the recent input stream
using the quantum dynamics in computational supremacy region, where the
classical simulation of the system is intractable. A nuclear magnetic resonance
spin-ensemble system is one of the realistic candidates for such physical
implementations, which is currently available in laboratories. In this paper,
considering these realistic experimental constraints for implementing the
framework, we introduce a scheme, which we call a spatial multiplexing
technique, to effectively boost the computational power of the platform. This
technique exploits disjoint dynamics, which originate from multiple different
quantum systems driven by common input streams in parallel. Accordingly, unlike
designing a single large quantum system to increase the number of qubits for
computational nodes, it is possible to prepare a huge number of qubits from
multiple but small quantum systems, which are operationally easy to handle in
laboratory experiments. We numerically demonstrate the effectiveness of the
technique using several benchmark tasks and quantitatively investigate its
specifications, range of validity, and limitations in detail.Comment: 15 page
Hospital physicians perform five types of work duties in Japan: An observational study
BACKGROUND: Physicians are expected to perform three unique roles as a clinician, educator, and researcher in university hospitals. However, the actual practices of physicians performing different duties are relatively unknown. Therefore, the authors conducted an observational study at a university hospital to examine physiciansâ work activities. METHODS: Between 2011 and 2013, ten observers shadowed 20 physicians from different specialties for a day at the Tokyo Womenâs Medical University Hospital. Observers recorded physiciansâ activities every 30Â seconds that were subsequently categorized into work types. The number of work types and activity changes performed by a physician in one observational period were counted. RESULTS: Authors categorized physiciansâ work activities into five groups: patient care (direct and indirect), education, research, professional development, and administration. All physicians performed at least one type of activity in addition to patient care. Activity change occurred 1.86 times per hour, on average. The median time-distribution of 20 physicians was 173.8Â minutes, 213.8Â minutes, 3.3Â minutes, 5.0Â minutes, 0Â minutes, and 0.8Â minutes for direct patient care, indirect patient care, education, research, professional development, and administration, respectively. CONCLUSION: Japanese hospital physicians performed multiple work duties including professional development and administrative activities in addition to triple duties. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-375) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Novel Autologous Therapy for Long-Gap Peripheral Nerve Injury Using Human Sk-SCs
Losses in vital functions of the somatic motor and sensory nervous system are induced by severe long-gap peripheral nerve transection injury. In such cases, autologous nerve grafts are the gold standard treatment, despite the unavoidable sacrifice of other healthy functions, whereas the prognosis is not always favorable. Here, we use human skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (Sk-SCs) to reconstitute the function after long nerve-gap injury. Muscles samples were obtained from the amputated legs from 9 patients following unforeseen accidents. The Sk-SCs were isolated using conditioned collagenase solution, and sorted as CD34+/45- (Sk-34) and CD34-/45-/29+ (Sk-DN/29+) cells. Cells were separately cultured/expanded under optimal conditions for 2 weeks, then injected into the athymic nude mice sciatic nerve long-gap model (7-mm) bridging an acellular conduit. After 8-12 weeks, active cell engraftment was observed only in the Sk-34 cell transplanted group, showing preferential differentiation into Schwann cells and perineurial/endoneurial cells, as well as formation of the myelin sheath and perineurium/endoneurium surrounding regenerated axons, resulted in 87% of numerical recovery. Differentiation into vascular cell lineage (pericyte and endothelial cells) were also observed. A significant tetanic tension recovery (over 90%) of downstream muscles following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (at upper portion of the gap) was also achieved. In contrast, Sk-DN/29+ cells were completely eliminated during the first 4 weeks, but relatively higher numerical (83% vs. 41% in axon) and functional (80% vs. 60% in tetanus) recovery than control were observed. Noteworthy, significant increase in the formation of vascular networks in the conduit during the early stage (first 2 weeks) of recovery was observed in both groups with the expression of key factors (mRNA and protein levels), suggesting the paracrine effects to angiogenesis. These results suggested that the human Sk-SCs may be a practical source for autologous stem cell therapy following severe peripheral nerve injury
FED surgery for L5 radiculopathy
In this report, we presented a 65 year-old male case having right leg pain due to L5 radiculopathy. Based on the radiological examination including CT, MRI and radiculography, double crash impingement of L5 nerve root due to L4-5 lateral recess and L5-S foraminal stenosis was diagnosed. Because of the strong pain, he could not work anymore. His job was a general manager of big hospital, he needed to return to job as soon as possible. We decided to conduct the full-endoscopic decompression surgery of ventral facetectomy (FEVF) for L4-5 lateral recess stenosis and foraminoplasty (FELF) for L5-S foraminal stenosis. The technique can be done under the local anesthesia with only 8 mm skin incision; thus, it must be the least invasive spine surgery. Soon after the surgery, he could return to the original job as a general manager. In conclusion, the full-endoscopic decompression surgery for the spinal canal stenosis such as FELF and FEVF would be minimally invasive procedure and it enable patients the quick return to the original activity
CHAC1 overexpression in human gastric parietal cells with Helicobacter pylori infection in the secretory canaliculi
Background
Cation transport regulator 1 (CHAC1), a newly discovered enzyme that degrades glutathione, is induced in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)âinfected gastric epithelial cells in culture. The CHAC1âinduced decrease in glutathione leads to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and somatic mutations in TP53. We evaluated the possible correlation between H. pylori infection and CHAC1 expression in human gastric mucosa.
Materials and Methods
Both freshâfrozen and formalinâfixed paraffinâembedded tissue samples of gastric mucosa with or without H. pylori infection were obtained from 41 esophageal cancer patients that underwent esophagoâgastrectomy. Fresh samples were used for realâtime polymerase chain reaction for H. pylori DNA and CHAC1 mRNA, and formalinâfixed samples were used for immunohistochemistry with antiâCHAC1 and antiâH. pylori monoclonal antibodies. Doubleâenzyme or fluorescence immunohistochemistry and immunoâelectron microscopy were used for further analysis.
Results
Significant CHAC1 overexpression was detected in H. pyloriâinfected parietal cells that expressed the human proton pump/H,KâATPase α subunit, whereas a constitutively low level of CHAC1 mRNA expression was observed in the other samples regardless of the H. pylori infection status, reflecting the weak CHAC1 expression detected by immunohistochemistry in the fundicâgland areas. Immunoâelectron microscopy revealed intact H. pylori cells in the secretory canaliculi of infected parietal cells. Some parietal cells exhibited positive nuclear signals for Ki67 in the neck zone of the gastric fundicâgland mucosa with H. pylori infection.
Conclusion
Cation transport regulator 1 overexpression in H. pyloriâinfected parietal cells may cause the H. pyloriâinduced somatic mutations that contribute to the development of gastric cancer.This work was supported by the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (16K19077), and by the
Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control from Japan Agency
for Medical Research and development, AMED
- âŠ