Impacts of climate change on weeds, insect pests, plant diseases and crop yields: Synthesis

Three distinct components of climate change in the recent times are warming of the earth, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and erratic changes in water availability to plants. These changes in the global climate not only impact the growth and life cycles of plants but also affect their pests. Recent research demonstrates that the effects of climate change on pests, pesticides (their efficacy and post-application chemistry) and pest management are complex. This is important to document changes in the behaviour of pests and pesticides in the wake of climate change and propose pest management strategies accordingly. Nevertheless, non-chemical methods and integrated pest management will play an important role in sustainable pest control under climate change. Further, the effects of climate change factors on crop protection and crop production are desired to be understood in order to maintain the global food supplies and global food security

Computerized Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of the Cervical Spine

BACKGROUND: Detailed knowledge of cervical canal and transverse foramens’ morphometry is critical for understanding the pathology of certain diseases and for proper preoperative planning. Lateral x-rays do not provide the necessary accuracy. A retrospective morphometric study of the cervical canal was performed at the authors’ institution to measure mean dimensions of sagittal canal diameter (SCD), right and left transverse foramens’ sagittal (SFD) and transverse (TFD) diameters and minimum distance between spinal canal and transverse foramens (dSC-TF) for each level of the cervical spine from C1-C7, using computerized tomographic scans, in 100 patients from the archives of the Emergency Room. RESULTS: Significant differences for SCD were detected between C1 and the other levels of the cervical spine for both male and female patients. For the transverse foramen, significant differences in sagittal diameters were detected at C3, C4, C5 levels. For transverse diameters, significant differences at C3 and C4 levels. A significant difference of the distance between the transverse spinal foramen and the cervical canal was measured between left and right side at the level of C3. This difference was equally observed to male and female subjects. CONCLUSION: CT scan can replace older conventional radiography techniques by providing more accurate measurements on anatomical elements of the cervical spine that could facilitate diagnosis and preoperative planning, thus avoiding possible trauma to the vertebral arteries during tissue dissection and instrument application