ЭКСТРАКЦИОННО-ХРОМАТОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МЕСТНЫХ АНЕСТЕТИКОВ В ВОДНЫХ СРЕДАХ

The extraction novocaine, lidocaine anestezina are studied from aqueous media by individual organic solvents (aliphatic alcohols, normal and isomeric structure of C3 – C9 alkylacetates C2 – C5) and their mixtures using of different salting-out agents (chlorides, sulfates, sodium and ammonium). The coefficients of the distribution and the degree of extraction of anesthetics are calculated. It is shown that with increasing number of carbon atoms in the molecules of alcohols and esters their extractant possibility is decreased and alcohols isomers are less effective than normal ones. For the most complete extraction of the anesthetics the mixtures of alcohols with isomeric structure and alkyl acetates are used. Two and ternary-component mobile phase at chromatography in thin layer are studied for separation of local anesthetics in the concentrates, the mobility coefficients of substances are calculated. Quantitative evaluation are carried out by application of specialized software. The separation coefficients of anesthetics are calculated. The technique of determination of analytes in aqueous media is developed. The results of the extraction- chromatographic determination of novocaine, lidocaine and anaesthesin in aqueous media are proved by method «introduced – found». The range of detectable concentrations is 0.1 – 1 mkg/sm3, detection limit is 0.02 mkg/sm3. The relative error of determination is less than 10 %.Keywords: local anesthetics, extraction, chromatography in a thin layer(Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2013.17.4.013Ia.I. Korenman, T.V. Chibisova, P.T. Sukhanov, M.V. Zybenko Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies» (FSBEI HPE «VSUET»), Voronezh, Russian Federation Изучена экстракция новокаина, лидокаина и анестезина из водных сред индивидуальными органическими растворителями (алифатические спирты нормального и изомерного строения С3 – С9, алкилацетаты С2 – С5) и смесями на их основе при применении хлоридов и сульфатов натрия и аммония. Рассчитаны коэффициенты распределения и степени извлечения анестетиков. С увеличением числа углеродных атомов в радикале спиртов и эфиров их экстрагирующая способность снижается, а также спирты-изомеры менее эффективны по сравнению с нормальными. Для наиболее полного извлечения анестетиков применены смеси, состоящие из спиртов изомерного строения и алкилацетатов. Изучены двух- и трехкомпонентные подвижные фазы при хроматографии в тонком слое для разделения местных анестетиков в концентратах, приведены коэффициенты подвижности веществ. Количественная оценка произведена при применении специализированного программного обеспечения. Разработана методика определения исследуемых веществ в водных средах. Диапазон определяемых концентраций от 0.1 до 1 мкг/см3, предел обнаружения  –0.02 мкг/см3. Относительная погрешность определения не превышает 10 %.Ключевые слова: местные анестетики, экстракция, хроматография в тонком слоеDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2013.17.4.01

Chiral Anomaly and Spin Gap in One-Dimensional Interacting Fermions

Semiclassical approach has been developed for the one-dimensional interacting fermion systems. Starting from the incommensurate spin density wave (SDW) mean field state for the repulsive Hubbard model in 1D, the non-Abelian bosonized Lagrangian describing the spin-charge separation is obtained. The Berry phase term is derived from the chiral anomaly, and we obtain the massless Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid in the single chain case while the spin gap opens in the double-chain system. This approach offers a new method to identify the strong-coupling fixed point, and its relation to the Abelian bosonization formalism is discussed on the spin gap state. The generalization to higher dimensions is also discussed.Comment: Revised and enlarged version. 16 pages in REVTE

A Simple Empirically Motivated Template for the Unresolved Thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

We develop a model for the power spectrum of unresolved clusters of galaxies arising from the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect. The model is based on a'universal' gas pressure profile constrained by X-ray observations and includes a parameter to describe departures from self-similar evolution. The model is consistent with recent Planck observations of the tSZ effect for X-ray clusters with redshifts z<1 and reproduces the low amplitude for the tSZ inferred from recent ground based observations. By adjusting two free parameters, we are able to reproduce the tSZ power spectra from recent numerical simulations to an accuracy that is well within theoretical uncertainties. Our model provides a simple, empirically motivated tSZ template that may be useful for the analysis of new experiments such as Planck.Comment: 6 pages 4 figure

Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling and Dissipation of Domain Wall in Ferromagnetic Metals

The depinning of a domain wall in ferromagentic metal via macroscopic quantum tunneling is studied based on the Hubbard model. The dynamics of the magnetization verctor is shown to be governed by an effective action of Heisenberg model with a term non-local in time that describes the dissipation due to the conduction electron. Due to the existence of the Fermi surface there exists Ohmic dissipation even at zero temperature, which is crucially different from the case of the insulator. Taking into account the effect of pinning and the external magnetic field the action is rewritten in terms of a collective coordinate, the position of the wall, $Q$. The tunneling rate for $Q$ is calculated by use of the instanton method. It is found that the reduction of the tunneling rate due to the dissipation is very large for a thin domain wall with thickness of a few times the lattice spacing, but is negligible for a thick domain wall. Dissipation due to eddy current is shown to be negligible for a wall of mesoscopic size.Comment: of pages 26, to appear in "Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization, ed. B. Barbara and L. Gunther (Kluwer Academic Pub.), Figures available by FAX (81-48-462-4649

Dynamical Viscosity of Nucleating Bubbles

We study the viscosity corrections to the growth rate of nucleating bubbles in a first order phase transition in scalar field theory. We obtain the non-equilibrium equation of motion of the coordinate that describes small departures from the critical bubble and extract the growth rate consistently in weak coupling and in the thin wall limit. Viscosity effects arise from the interaction of this coordinate with the stable quantum and thermal fluctuations around a critical bubble. In the case of 1+1 dimensions we provide an estimate for the growth rate that depends on the details of the free energy functional. In 3+1 dimensions we recognize robust features that are a direct consequence of the thin wall approximation and give the leading viscosity corrections.These are long-wavelength hydrodynamic fluctuations that describe surface waves, quasi-Goldstone modes which are related to ripples on interfaces in phase ordered Ising-like systems. We discuss the applicability of our results to describe the growth rate of hadron bubbles in a quark-hadron first order transition.Comment: 40 pages, 4 figures, revtex, minor changes, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Quantum kinetics and thermalization in a particle bath model

We study the dynamics of relaxation and thermalization in an exactly solvable model of a particle interacting with a harmonic oscillator bath. Our goal is to understand the effects of non-Markovian processes on the relaxational dynamics and to compare the exact evolution of the distribution function with approximate Markovian and Non-Markovian quantum kinetics. There are two different cases that are studied in detail: i) a quasiparticle (resonance) when the renormalized frequency of the particle is above the frequency threshold of the bath and ii) a stable renormalized `particle' state below this threshold. The time evolution of the occupation number for the particle is evaluated exactly using different approaches that yield to complementary insights. The exact solution allows us to investigate the concept of the formation time of a quasiparticle and to study the difference between the relaxation of the distribution of bare particles and that of quasiparticles. We derive a non-Markovian quantum kinetic equation which resums the perturbative series and includes off-shell effects. A Markovian approximation that includes off-shell contributions and the usual Boltzmann equation (energy conserving) are obtained from the quantum kinetic equation in the limit of wide separation of time scales upon different coarse-graining assumptions. The relaxational dynamics predicted by the non-Markovian, Markovian and Boltzmann approximations are compared to the exact result. The Boltzmann approach is seen to fail in the case of wide resonances and when threshold and renormalization effects are important.Comment: 39 pages, RevTex, 14 figures (13 eps figures

Quantum kinetics and thermalization in an exactly solvable model

We study the dynamics of relaxation and thermalization in an exactly solvable model with the goal of understanding the effects of off-shell processes. The focus is to compare the exact evolution of the distribution function with different approximations to the relaxational dynamics: Boltzmann, non-Markovian and Markovian quantum kinetics. The time evolution of the distribution function is evaluated exactly using two methods: time evolution of an initially prepared density matrix and by solving the Heisenberg equations of motion. There are two different cases that are studied in detail: i) no stable particle states below threshold of the bath and a quasiparticle resonance above it and ii) a stable discrete exact `particle' state below threshold. For the case of quasiparticles in the continuum (resonances) the exact quasiparticle distribution asymptotically tends to a statistical equilibrium distribution that differs from a simple Bose-Einstein form as a result of off-shell processes. In the case ii), the distribution of particles does not thermalize with the bath. We study the kinetics of thermalization and relaxation by deriving a non-Markovian quantum kinetic equation which resums the perturbative series and includes off-shell effects. A Markovian approximation that includes off-shell contributions and the usual Boltzmann equation are obtained from the quantum kinetic equation in the limit of wide separation of time scales upon different coarse-graining assumptions. The relaxational dynamics predicted by the non-Markovian, Markovian and Boltzmann approximations are compared to the exact result of the model. The Boltzmann approach is seen to fail in the case of wide resonances and when threshold and renormalization effects are important.Comment: 49 pages, LaTex, 17 figures (16 eps figures

Itinerant Electron Ferromagnetism in the Quantum Hall Regime

We report on a study of the temperature and Zeeman-coupling-strength dependence of the one-particle Green's function of a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas at Landau level filling factor $\nu =1$ where the ground state is a strong ferromagnet. Our work places emphasis on the role played by the itinerancy of the electrons, which carry the spin magnetization and on analogies between this system and conventional itinerant electron ferromagnets. We discuss the application to this system of the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation, which is analogous to the band theory description of metallic ferromagnetism and fails badly at finite temperatures because it does not account for spin-wave excitations. We go beyond this level by evaluating the one-particle Green's function using a self-energy, which accounts for quasiparticle spin-wave interactions. We report results for the temperature dependence of the spin magnetization, the nuclear spin relaxation rate, and 2D-2D tunneling conductances. Our calculations predict a sharp peak in the tunneling conductance at large bias voltages with strength proportional to temperature. We compare with experiment, where available, and with predictions based on numerical exact diagonalization and other theoretical approaches.Comment: 29 pages, 20 figure

Topological Spin Texture Created by Zhang--Rice Singlets in Cuprate Superconductors

One of the most important effects of strong electron correlation in high-Tc cuprates is the formation of Zhang-Rice singlets. By fully accounting for the quantum correlation effect of Zhang-Rice singlet formation, we show that a topological spin texture, skyrmion, is created around a Zhang-Rice singlet in the single-hole-doped CuO2 plane. The skyrmion picture provides a natural connection between the antiferromagnetic correlation and the doping concentration x.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure