5 research outputs found

    Species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) and other nematode genera associated with insects from Pinus pinaster in Portugal

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    Insects associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, in Portugal were collected and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species. Nematodes were identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) analysis of dauer juveniles and morphological identification of adults that developed from dauer juveniles on fungal cultures or on cultures in pine wood segments at 26 C. Several associations are described: Bursaphelenchus teratospicularis and Bursaphelenchus sexdentati are associated with Orthotomicus erosus; Bursaphelenchus tusciae, B. sexdentati and/or Bursaphelenchus pinophilus with Hylurgus ligniperda and Bursaphelenchus hellenicus with Tomicus piniperda, Ips sexdentatus and H. ligniperda. An unidentified Bursaphelenchus species is vectored by Hylobius sp. The previously reported association of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with Monochamus galloprovincialis was confirmed. The association of Bursaphelenchus leoni with Pityogenes sp. is not definitively established and needs further studies for clarification. Other nematode genera besides Bursaphelenchus were found to be associated with the insects sampled, including two different species of Ektaphelenchus, Parasitorhabditis sp., Parasitaphelenchus sp., Contortylenchus sp. and other unidentified nematodes. The Ektaphelenchus species found in O. erosus is morphologically similar to B. teratospicularis found in the same insect; adults of both the species are found in cocoon-like structures under the elytra of the insects. Introduction Approximately one third of the nematodes belonging to the order Aphelenchida Siddiqi, 1980 are associated with insects (Poinar, 1983). These nematodes establish a variety of associations with the insects, which may be described as commensalism, e.g. phoresy (to the benefit of the nematode but not affecting the insect), mutualism (both the organisms benefit) or parasitism (nematodes benefit at the expense of the insect) (Giblin-Davis, 2004). Most Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 species are mycetophagous, feeding on fungi in the galleries of bark beetles and thu

    Numerical analysis of the longitudinal component of electric field in electromagnetic wave

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    И.В. Свиридова, М.А. Дрязгов, А.Е. Коренченко, Э.А. Бибикова, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, Российская Федерация E-mail: [email protected]. I.V. Sviridova, M.A. Dryazgov, A.E. Korenchenko, E.A. Bibikova South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]Рассмотрены оптические явления, связанные с влиянием продольной (т. е. направленной параллельно волновому вектору) компоненты электрического поля в электромагнитной волне. Актуальность работы связана с исследованием объектов субволновых масштабов и дополнительных степеней свободы пространственно-неоднородных оптических полей в новых областях оптики – фотонике, плазмонике и нанооптике. Численный анализ проведен для плоских волн с гауссовым профилем интенсивности и однородной (линейной или круговой) поляризацией. Решение уравнений Максвелла проведено методом конечных разностей. Для тестирования точности программы проведено сравнение коэффициентов отражения электромагнитной волны на границе прозрачной диэлектрической среды с аналитическим решением Френеля. Проведен расчет распределения электромагнитного поля при фокусировке толстой симметричной линзой. Получено увеличение интенсивности продольной компоненты в фокальной плоскости линзы в ~ 25 раз по сравнению с величиной E|| в падающем излучении. Впервые проведен численный анализ геометрического спинового эффекта Холла при фокусировке асимметрично сходящегося светового пучка. Эффект состоит в смещении «центра тяжести» распределения интенсивности продольной компоненты светового пучка для различных состояний круговой поляризации. Рассчитанный сдвиг составил ~ 0,5λ для право- и левополяризованного света при диаметре фокального пятна ~ 2λ, что хорошо согласуется с экспериментальными данными. Проведенные исследования показали, что разработанный пакет может быть использован для расчетов распределения полей при распространении электромагнитных волн произвольной конфигурации в оптически неоднородных средах. Optical phenomena connected with the influence of the longitudinal component (i.e. parallel to the wave vector) of the electric field in electromagnetic wave are considered. The topicality of the study is connected with the analysis of the objects of subwave scales and additional degrees of freedom of spatially inhomogeneous optical fields in new areas of optics; they are photonics, plasmonics and nanooptics. The numerical analysis is carried out for plane waves with Gauss intensity profile and homogeneous (linear or circular) polarization. The solution of Maxwell equations is carried by the method of finite differences. To test the accuracy of the program the reflection coefficients of an electromagnetic wave on the boundary of a transparent dielectric medium with analytic Fresnel solution are compared. The distribution of the electromagnetic field at focusing with a thick symmetrical lens is calculated. The increase in the intensity of the longitudinal component in the focal plane of the lens is found to be ~ 25 fold compared with the value of E|| in the incident radiation. A numerical analysis of the geometric spin Hall effect is carried out for the first time when focusing an asymmetrically converging light beam. The effect is in shifting the center of gravity of the intensity distribution of the longitudinal component of the light beam for different states of circular polarization. The calculated shift is ~0,5λ for right-handed and left polarized light with a focal spot diameter of ~2λ which agrees with experimental data well. Carried out research has shown that the developed package can be used to calculate field distribution in the propagation of electromagnetic waves of arbitrary configuration in optically inhomogeneous media.Работа выполнена в рамках темы государственного задания № 0389-2014-0030

    Taxonomy and Systematics of Bursaphelenchus Nematodes.

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    Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for the territories of the European Union (as PRA area) on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus

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