24 research outputs found

    Evaluation of last-year dental students’ skill at the Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry about principles of writing prescriptions

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    Background: Inattention to the principles of writing prescriptions might give rise to ineffective or hazardous treatment and inflict injuries to the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the last-year dental students’ skill in writing prescription at the Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry in 2016-2017. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all last-year dental students (92 students) at the Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry were asked to write separate prescription for 3 patients. The level of compliance with the principles of writing prescriptions was evaluated based on the WHO checklist, which consists of the following items: patient’s name, gender and age; date of prescription; Rx symbol; the form and name of the drug; the dose of the medication; the number of the drugs to be filled; administration interval; the strength of the drug; route of administration; the signature and seal of the physician; and the refill order. Each correct item was given a positive score and each incorrect item received no score (score range: 0-45). Results: 10.9%, 43.5% and 45.6% of the students exhibited high, moderate and low skill. The mean score was 27.75 (SD 8.75) of a total possible score of 45. There were no significant differences between male and female students (P = 0.7, CI = -4.5 to 3.2, effect size = -0.035). Conclusion: Overall, final-year dental students’ skill in writing prescriptions was at a moderate level and no student fully observed all the principles for the correct method of writing prescriptions

    Research Paper: The Modulatory Role of Orexin 1 Receptor in CA1 on Orofacial Pain-induced Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats

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    Introduction: Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with pain. The modulatory role of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in pain pathways as well as learning and memory processes is reported in several studies. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of CA1-hippocampal OX1R on spatial learning and memory of rats following capsaicin-induced orofacial pain. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous intra lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). CA1 administration of orexin A and its selective antagonist (SB-334867-A) were performed 20 minutes prior to capsaicin injection. Learning and spatial memory performances were assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. Results: Capsaicin treated rats showed impairment in spatial learning and memory. In addition, pretreatment with orexin A (20 and 40 nM/rat) significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in capsaicin-treated rats. Conversely, blockage of OX1R via SB-334867-A (40 and 80 nM/rat) significantly exaggerated learning and memory loss in capsaicin-treated rats.  Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that CA1 OX1R may be involved in modulation of capsaicin –induced spatial learning and memory impairment

    The effect of CA1 administration of orexin-A on hippocampal expression of COX-2 and BDNF in a rat model of orofacial pain

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    ABSTRACT The neuropeptide orexin-A and its receptors are widely distributed in both hippocampal circuitry and pain transmission pathways. Objective: Involvement of the CA1 orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) on the modulation of orofacial pain and pain-induced changes in hippocampal expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by an intra-lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis were used to indicate changes in hippocampal BDNF and COX-2 expression, respectively. Results: Capsaicin induces a significant pain response, which is not affected by either orexin-A or SB-334867-A, an OX1R antagonist. However, an increased expression of COX-2 and decreased expression of BDNF was observed in the hippocampus of animals that received capsaicin or SB-334867-A (80 nM) plus capsaicin. Meanwhile, orexin-A (40 pM) attenuated the effects of capsaicin on the expression of COX-2 and BDNF. Conclusions: CA1 OX1R activation moderates capsaicin-induced neuronal inflammation and neurotrophic deficiency

    Blockage of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter cannabinoid 1 receptor increases dental pulp pain and pain-related subsequent learning and memory deficits in rats

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    Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling has a pivotal role in the modulation of both pain and cognitive responses. This study aims at investigating the role of CB1R in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) on both pulpal pain and pain-related subsequent changes in learning and memory performances in rats. The adult male Wistar rats were cannulated in the vlPAG. The rats were pretreated by intra-vlPAG administration of selective CB1R antagonist AM-251 (2, 4 and 8 µg/rat) and vehicle dimethylsulfoxide. The drugs were microinjected 20 min before the induction of capsaicin-induced pulpalgia. The nociceptive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. Then, passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory were assessed using the shuttle box and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Following the administration of intradental capsaicin, there was a significant nociceptive response that increased after an induced blockage of CB1R by AM-251 at 4 and 8 µg. In addition, capsaicin impaired passive avoidance and spatial memory performance of rats. Microinjection of AM-251, prior to capsaicin, could dose-dependently exaggerate capsaicin-related learning and memory deficits in both tests. The present data indicated that the vlPAG endocannabinoid system is involved in the modulation of pain signals from dental pulp. It was also accompanied by learning and memory impairments

    Blockage of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter cannabinoid 1 receptor increases dental pulp pain and pain-related subsequent learning and memory deficits in rats

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    Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling has a pivotal role in the modulation of both pain and cognitive responses. This study aims at investigating the role of CB1R in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) on both pulpal pain and pain-related subsequent changes in learning and memory performances in rats. The adult male Wistar rats were cannulated in the vlPAG. The rats were pretreated by intra-vlPAG administration of selective CB1R antagonist AM-251 (2, 4 and 8 µg/rat) and vehicle dimethylsulfoxide. The drugs were microinjected 20 min before the induction of capsaicin-induced pulpalgia. The nociceptive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. Then, passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory were assessed using the shuttle box and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Following the administration of intradental capsaicin, there was a significant nociceptive response that increased after an induced blockage of CB1R by AM-251 at 4 and 8 µg. In addition, capsaicin impaired passive avoidance and spatial memory performance of rats. Microinjection of AM-251, prior to capsaicin, could dose-dependently exaggerate capsaicin-related learning and memory deficits in both tests. The present data indicated that the vlPAG endocannabinoid system is involved in the modulation of pain signals from dental pulp. It was also accompanied by learning and memory impairments

    Self-reported oral moistening disorders in obstructive sleep apnoea:A scoping review

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    Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a highly prevalent problem with significant consequences. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral mandibular advancement device (MAD) are considered the standard treatments for OSA. Patients may experience self-reported oral moistening disorders (OMDs) (i.e. xerostomia or drooling) at the beginning, throughout and after treatment. This affects oral health, quality of life and treatment effectiveness. The exact nature of the associations between OSA and self-reported OMD is still unknown. We aimed to provide an overview of the associations between self-reported OMD on the one hand and OSA and its treatment (namely CPAP and MAD) on the other hand. In addition, we sought to determine whether OMD affects treatment adherence. Materials and Methods: A literature search in PubMed was performed up to 27 September 2022. Two researchers independently assessed studies for eligibility. Results: In total, 48 studies were included. Thirteen papers investigated the association between OSA and self-reported OMD. They all suggested an association between OSA and xerostomia but not between OSA and drooling. The association between CPAP and OMD was addressed in 20 articles. The majority of studies have indicated xerostomia as a CPAP side effect; however, some have observed that xerostomia diminishes with CPAP therapy. In 15 papers, the association between MAD and OMD was investigated. In most publications, both xerostomia and drooling have been described as common side effects of MADs. These side effects are often mild and transient, and they improve as patients continue to use their appliance. Most studies found that these OMDs do not cause or are not a strong predictor of non-compliance. Conclusion: Xerostomia is a common side effect of CPAP and MAD, as well as a significant symptom of OSA. It may be regarded as one of the indicators of sleep apnoea. Moreover, MAD therapy can be associated with OMD. However, it seems that OMD may be mitigated by being adherent to the therapy.</p

    a-Pinene influence on pulpal pain-induced learning and memory impairment in rats via modulation of the GABAA receptor

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    Background: This study investigated the effect of central administration of a-pinene and the interaction of a-pinene with GABAA receptor on pulpal nociception-induced changes in learning and memory performances in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six adult male Wistar rats were used. Pulpal nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 µg/rat). a-pinene (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µg/rat) was injected centrally 10 min before the administration of capsaicin. In addition, a-pinene (0.4 µg/rat) was co-injected with bicuculline (0.5 µg/rat). Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box tasks, respectively. Results: Experimental results of the MWM test showed that capsaicin increases escape latency and distance traveled to the hidden platform (P < 0.01). The effect was prohibited by a-pinene at the dose of 0.4 µg/rat. Moreover, capsaicin-treated animals spent less time in the target zone than capsaicin + a-pinene (0.4 µg/rat)-treated rats (P < 0.05). In the shuttle box test, a-pinene (0.2 µg and 0.4 µg) prevented an increased number of acquisition trials and time spent in the dark chamber induced by capsaicin, whereas it increased step-through latency (P < 0.01). However, the effects of a-pinene (0.4 µg/rat) in both tests were prohibited by bicuculline (0.5 µg/rat). Conclusion: The data showed that central administration of a-pinene might reduce pulpalgia-induced learning and memory impairment, at least partially, via modulation of GABA A receptors

    Repeated gentle handling or maternal deprivation during the neonatal stage increases adult male rats' baseline orofacial pain responsiveness

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    Objective: Early life experiences have been found to have a long-lasting effect on brain development in adult life. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neonatal manipulation could alter orofacial pain responsiveness in adult rats Methods: In the first 21 days of life, male rats were exposed to gentle handling or maternal deprivation (MD) procedures to establish models of handled and MD rats, respectively. The rats were assigned to three of the following experimental groups at the age of two months: intra-dental capsaicin (100 µg), intra-lip formalin (50 µL), and repeated nitroglycerin (NTG) (5 mg/rat/ip) infusion. In addition, there were three drug vehicle groups and three groups that received capsaicin, formalin, or NTG without prior handling or MD procedures. The behaviors were recorded following the pain induction. Results: Spontaneous pain behaviors in the first phase of formalin test was significantly increased in MD (p < 0.01) and handled rats in comparison with the vehicle group (p < 0.05). The second-phase data showed that formalin-induced spontaneous pain behaviors was increased in rats- treated with MD as compared to either vehicle or handled+formalin groups (p < 0.001). Capsaicin-induced dental pulp nociception was increased in the MD group in comparison with the capsaicin (p < 0.001) and capsaicin+handled (p < 0.001) groups. Moreover, NTG-induced migraine-like behaviors symptoms were increased in the MD group as compared to control and handled groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In this study neonatal gentle handling or MD treatment increased orofacial pain in adulthood, showing early life experiences permanent effects on the development of trigeminal circuits in the brain

    Hydroalcoholic extracts of three Artemisia species attenuate dental pulp pain and pain-related abnormal feeding behavior of rats

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    This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of three different Artemisia species extracts on capsaicin-induced dental pulp pain and pain-associated changes in feeding behaviors in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were alienated into five groups (n=6), namely sham, capsaicin, and capsaicin groups pre-treated with hydroalcoholic extracts of A. sieberi, A. persica, and A. biennis. Pulpitis was evoked by the intradental administration of capsaicin (100 µg). The plant extracts (200 mg/kg intraperitoneal) were administered 10 min before capsaicin. Pain scores were recorded for 40 min. Afterward, feeding behavior was evaluated within 6 h. All extracts could suppress capsaicin-related dental pulp pain. Furthermore, capsaicin decreased the number of visits to the food and water ports of the feeding behavior evaluation device which led to a reduced amount and duration of meals consumed. These harmful effects of capsaicin on meal duration and frequency were attenuated by A. persica. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of capsaicin on food intake and water consumption was suppressed by all the extracts. Overall, the present study showed that Artemisia species extracts were useful in suppressing the capsaicin-induced pulpal pain and pain-induced feeding abnormalities
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