Peasant settlers and the ‘civilizing mission’ in Russian Turkestan, 1865-1917

This article provides an introduction to one of the lesser-known examples of European settler colonialism, the settlement of European (mainly Russian and Ukrainian) peasants in Southern Central Asia (Turkestan) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It establishes the legal background and demographic impact of peasant settlement, and the role played by the state in organising and encouraging it. It explores official attitudes towards the settlers (which were often very negative), and their relations with the local Kazakh and Kyrgyz population. The article adopts a comparative framework, looking at Turkestan alongside Algeria and Southern Africa, and seeking to establish whether paradigms developed in the study of other settler societies (such as the ‘poor white’) are of any relevance in understanding Slavic peasant settlement in Turkestan. It concludes that there are many close parallels with European settlement in other regions with large indigenous populations, but that racial ideology played a much less important role in the Russian case compared to religious divisions and fears of cultural backsliding. This did not prevent relations between settlers and the ‘native’ population deteriorating markedly in the years before the First World War, resulting in large-scale rebellion in 1916

Mammaglobin mRNA expression as early breast cancer marker

Early breast cancer (BC) diagnosis is a basis for overall and relapse-free survival improvement. But methods of X-ray and morphological examination sometimes are failed in BC diagnosis. New molecular markers may give more information about BC progression. One of these markers is mammaglobin. We studied 114 tissue samples: 57 I—IV stages BC samples and 57 samples of morphologically normal breast tissue (MNBT). mRNA mammaglobin expression was assessed by qPCR with reverse transcription. mRAN mammaglobin expression was significantly higher in BC samples as compared to MNBT (p = 0,0019), besides expression level decreased during BC progression: minimal level in T3 (p = 0,0338), grade 3 (p = 0,037) and stage IV (p = 0,035) tumors. hMAM expression correlated with steroid receptors (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptpor) in MNBT (p < 0.05), but not in BC tissue. hMAM mRNA expression decreased during BC progression and correlated with steroid receptors in MNBT. hMAM expression profiling may be used as a marker in BC diagnosis