The impact of emotional well-being on long-term recovery and survival in physical illness: a meta-analysis

This meta-analysis synthesized studies on emotional well-being as predictor of the prognosis of physical illness, while in addition evaluating the impact of putative moderators, namely constructs of well-being, health-related outcome, year of publication, follow-up time and methodological quality of the included studies. The search in reference lists and electronic databases (Medline and PsycInfo) identified 17 eligible studies examining the impact of general well-being, positive affect and life satisfaction on recovery and survival in physically ill patients. Meta-analytically combining these studies revealed a Likelihood Ratio of 1.14, indicating a small but significant effect. Higher levels of emotional well-being are beneficial for recovery and survival in physically ill patients. The findings show that emotional well-being predicts long-term prognosis of physical illness. This suggests that enhancement of emotional well-being may improve the prognosis of physical illness, which should be investigated by future research

Cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: balancing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Differences between gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects of traditional NSAID or cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor (coxib) are affected by drug, dose, duration, outcome definition, and patient gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk factors. We calculated the absolute risk for each effect.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We sought studies with large amounts of information to calculate annualised rates for clearly defined gastrointestinal (complicated upper gastrointestinal perforations, ulcers, or bleeds, but not symptomatic or endoscopic ulcers) and serious cardiovascular outcomes (antiplatelet trial collaborators – APTC – outcome of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or vascular death).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Meta-analyses and large randomised trials specifically analysing serious gastrointestinal bleeding or cardiovascular events occurring with five different coxibs had appropriate data. In total there were 439 complicated upper gastrointestinal events in 49,006 patient years of exposure and 948 serious cardiovascular events in 99,400 patient years of exposure. Complicated gastrointestinal events occurred less frequently with coxibs than NSAIDs; serious cardiovascular events occurred at approximately equal rates. For each coxib, the reduction in complicated upper gastrointestinal events was numerically greater than any increase in APTC events. In the overall comparison, for every 1000 patients treated for a year with coxib rather than NSAID, there would be eight fewer complicated upper gastrointestinal events, but one more fatal or nonfatal heart attack or stroke. Three coxib-NSAID comparisons had sufficient numbers of events for individual comparisons. For every 1000 patients treated for a year with celecoxib rather than an NSAID there would be 12 fewer upper gastrointestinal complications, and two fewer fatal or nonfatal heart attacks or strokes. For rofecoxib there would be six fewer upper gastrointestinal complications, but three more fatal or nonfatal heart attacks or strokes. For lumiracoxib there would be eight fewer upper gastrointestinal complications, but one more fatal or nonfatal heart attack or stroke.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Calculating annualised event rates for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular harm shows that while complicated gastrointestinal events occur more frequently with NSAIDs than coxibs, serious cardiovascular events occur at approximately equal rates. For each coxib, the reduction in complicated upper gastrointestinal events was numerically greater than any increase in APTC events.</p

Noninvasive estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure by analysis of pulmonary blood-flow distribution.

To determine whether a correlation exists between pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure (Pa) and the distribution of pulmonary blood flow, this distribution was measured in four upright dogs in the control state and during intravenous infusions of epinephrine or prostaglandin F2 alpha. During suspension of respiration, 15 mCi of Xe-133 were injected intravenously, and perfusion and equilibration lung images were recorded with a scintillation camera. The procedure was performed several times on each dog, with and without pharmacological elevation of PA pressure by 5 to 50 cm H2O. For each scintigram, the relative blood flow per unit ventilated lung volume (F) was plotted against centimeters above the hilum (h). Pulmonary arterial pressure was derived from each curve, assuming the relation F = B(Pa - hD)2, where B = constant and D = specific gravity of blood. Calculated PA pressure correlated strongly (r = 0.83) with measured PA pressure, suggesting a possible means of noninvasive estimation of PA pressure

Posterior listhesis of a lumbar vertebra in spinal tuberculosis

The management of spinal tuberculosis, especially in children, is controversial. In children, vertebral destruction is more severe than adults because of the cartilaginous nature of their bone. Modern chemotherapy has significantly decreased mortality in spinal tuberculosis, but morbidity remains high. Without early surgery, patients can develop severe kyphosis leading to respiratory insufficiency, painful costopelvic impingement and paraplegia. Lumbar kyphosis results in early degenerative lumbar canal stenosis and is cosmetically unacceptable. We report a paediatric case of atypical spinal tuberculosis demonstrating the need for early surgical intervention to prevent significant spinal instability and neurologic deficit. A 12-year-old girl presented with increasing ambulatory difficulty and double incontinence 4 months after initiating treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. There was no history of traumatic injury. Examination revealed severe lower limb neurologic deficit, with hypotonia, areflexia, marked sensory loss, and grade 0/5 power in both lower limbs. Plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated grade IV posterior listhesis of the L2 vertebral body over L3, cauda equina compression and bilateral psoas abscesses. Erosion of both the body and pedicle of L2 was observed. Both serology and pus drained from the psoas abscesses were negative for microorganisms. The patient underwent an L2 vertebrectomy via a left retroperitoneal approach. A titanium cage packed with autologous bone graft was inserted, and the spine was stabilized by fixation with screw and rods. Histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of tuberculosis. Eighteen months following the procedure, the patient has regained some power in her right leg and has completed her course of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, but remains wheelchair-bound. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of posterior listhesis secondary to spinal tuberculosis. Here, we discuss the possible management options in such a case, and the indications for surgery. As the global HIV/AIDS epidemic causes a resurgence in tuberculosis, increased awareness among the medical community regarding the atypical presentations of spinal tuberculosis is necessitated; both in the developing world where advanced clinical presentations are common, and in the developed world where spinal tuberculosis is an often-neglected diagnosis