Design of a Low Power Physically Un-clonable Function for Generation of Random Sequence for Hardware Security

Physical Un-clonable Function (PUF) is a physical entity that provides secret key or fingerprints in silicon circuits by exploiting the uncontrollable randomness during its manufacturing randomness.  It provides a hardware unique signature or identification. Its property of uniqueness comes from its   unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses, even if it was manufactured with the same process. Previous work has mainly focused on novel structures for non-FPGA reconfigurable silicon PUFs which does not need any special fabrication method and which can overcome the limitations of FPGA-based simulations. Their performance was quantified by the inter-chip variations, intra-chip variations and re-configurability tests to meet practical application needs. This paper presents a novel approach of designing a low power non-FPGA feed-forward PUF using double gate MOSFET and also to analyze its parameters such as intra-chip variation, reliability and power. Keywords: Physical Un-clonable Function (PUF); Intra-chip Variation; Reliability; Uniqueness; Standard feed forward; Double gate MOSFET, Modified feed forward

Factor analysis of body measurements of local cows of Manipur, India

Eighteen different biometric traits in 250 local cows of Manipur from their breeding zone, i.e. Imphal valley of Manipur, India, were recorded and analyzed by principal component analysis to explain body conformation. The averages of height at withers (HW), body length, heart girth, paunch girth, forehead width, ear length, tail length, switch length, neck circumference, neck length, arm length,  elbow length, fore-shank length, thigh length, hind-shank length, pes length, head length and eye to eye space were 103.92±0.33, 111.34±0.92, 135.34±0.47, 140.31±0.53, 14.90±0.15, 15.24±0.13, 75.50±0.55, 31.04±0.24, 58.61±0.53, 29.95±0.21, 29.34±0.19, 29.88±0.17, 29.59±0.20, 30.32±0.20, 29.88±0.13, 31.65±0.25, 37.30±0.25 and 26.47±0.20 cm, respectively. The correlation coefficients ranged from -0.20 (hind shank length and eye to eye width) to 0.74 (heart girth and paunch girth).  Factor analysis with promax rotation revealed seven factors which explained about 64.31% of the total variation. Factor 1 described the general body conformation and explained 17.74% of total variation. It was represented by significant positive high loading of height at wither, heart girth, paunch girth and ear length. The remaining factors described 11.71%, 8.88%, 7.47%, 6.60%, 6.04% and 5.86% of total variability.  It was necessary to include some more variables for a reliable analysis of factors as there were less than three variables except the first factor in the present study. The communality ranged from 0.493 (elbow length) to 0.782 (neck circumference) and unique factors ranged from 0.507 to 0.218 for all these 18 different biometric traits. The lower communalities for some of the traits like ear length, tail length, arm length, elbow length and thigh length might indicate that these traits were less effective to account for total variation of body conformation as compared to the other traits in local cows of Manipur. The result suggests that principal component analysis (PCA) could be used in breeding programs with a drastic reduction in the number of biometric traits to be recorded to explain body conformation

Zingiber pherimaense Biseshwori & Bipin 2014, sp. nov.

Zingiber pherimaense Biseshwori & Bipin, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Zingiberi meghalayensi similis, planta breviore ca. 1.5—2 m, laminis brevioribus ca. 33–36 cm longis, 6.8–7.2 cm latis, pedunculis longioribus ad 10−13 cm longis, labelli ordinatione magentea apice lato rotundato differt. Type:— INDIA. Bipin K. IBSD /Z- 105, cultivated at IBSD, Imphal, Manipur, India (Holotype ASSAM, isotype IBSD). Originally from India, Nagaland, Pherima, ca. 870 masl, 25º45.426’N 93º57.223’E, 4 August 2012, cultivated as IBSD /Z-105. (Fig. 1) Terrestrial herb up to 2.0 m tall; rhizome subsurface, multiple, compact, vertical sections each ca. 2 cm diam., externally tan-white, internally with two-concentric rings, inner ca. 15 mm diam., outer 3 mm wide, both light yellow, numerous adventitious roots on the vertical sections, rhizome underside with fleshy, tuberous roots without a terminal swelling. Leafy shoots or pseudostems erect, thick, ca. 2−2.5 cm diam., leafless sheaths greenish-red, pubescent. Leaves 20−22, distichous; petiole sessile, pubescent; ligule ca. 5 mm long, bilobed, apices rounded, light green with some red, pubescent; lamina oblong-lanceolate, 33−36 × 6.8−7.2 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Inflorescence radical, decumbent, peduncle ca. 10−13 cm long, 0.9 cm diam., sheaths five, obovate, reddish, glabrous; spike capitate, flat topped, 2−3 x 5−7 cm. Bracts cymbiform, loosely imbricate, numerous, 4 × 0.4 cm, apices rounded, red, sparsely pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 3 × 0.4 cm, reddish, pubescent. Flowers 6−6.5 cm long; calyx tubular, 1 × 0.4 cm, partially split one side, tri-dentate, transparent white, apices sparsely pubescent. Corolla tube slender, 3 cm long, white, sparsely pubescent externally; corolla lobes subequal, white at the base, pink towards the apex, dorsal lobe lanceolate, 3−3.5 × 0.5 cm, apex acute, arching over the anther; lateral lobes lanceolate, 2−2.6 × 0.5 cm, apex acute, extending beyond the labellum. Labellum 3-lobed, ca. 3.8 x 0.5 cm, rectangular, slightly concave above the throat, flattening toward the apex, broadening upward to the sidelobes, midlobe ca. 1.5 × 1 cm, rectangular, white with magenta (RHS 72 B) longitudinal lines and markings, apex rounded to emarginate, margins slightly undulate, irregular, sidelobes ca. 5 × 5 mm, white with magenta markings, apices slightly acute, reflexed. Stamen ca. 1.4 cm long, white with magenta stripes on the upper surface, filament ca. 2 × 2 mm, white, thecae parallel, ca. 6 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide (each), creamy-white, anther crest elongate, beaked, ca. 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide at the base, pollen creamy-white. Ovary globose, trilocular, 3 x 5 mm, villous with soft, brown hairs, style filiform, white, stigma white, ostiole circular with stiff hairs on the perimeter; epigynous glands 2, linear, 7 mm long, apices acute, creamy-white. Fruit unknown. (Measurements based on living, cultivated material of Bipin K. IBSD /Z-105). Distribution: —Known only from the type locality. Ecology: —This species was found growing in a dense and tall bamboo thicket at ca. 870 m. along the margin of mixed evergreen forest on loose, grey-brown clay soils covered with humus and leaf litter. Rainfall in this area is 1800−2500 mm /year. The plant is dormant (without stems or leaves) from December to March during the cool, dry season. Etymology: —Named for Pherima village, Nagaland where it was first found in the nearby forest. Phenology: —Flowers occur from July through August, opening in the evening and senescing within 24 hours. Conservation status: —Unknown at this time. Notes: —Although its vegetative morphology has some similarity to Z. meghalayense, Z. rubens, Z. roseum and others, the very long peduncle, labellum shape and colour, and tightly clumping rhizomatous growth make it distinct. Labellum colour in each Zingiber species genetically follows a narrow colour palette with few known exceptions, e.g., Z. pseudopungens R.M. Sm. (1989: 413). Even populations in different geographic regions are only slightly variable in colour (tint, shade, tone, intensity) and/or pattern, but not to the extent of having a totally different colour scheme from the type. For instance, different populations of Z. rubens observed in India and Burma always have a labellum with a creamy-white and yellow background and a distinct, overlaid, swirled pattern of dark red or orange-red (Kumar et al. 2013). When labellum shape is considered, the sidelobes are of key diagnostic importance based on their shape, size and relative position to the midlobe. Species such as Z. ligulatum Roxburgh (1810:348), Z. roseum and Z. rubens have very small sidelobes situated at the base of the midlobe. Often these are difficult to see without flattening the labellum. In contrast, species such as Z. capitatum Roxburgh (1810:348), Z. intermedium, Z. meghalayense (2013:61), Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (1852:341) and the new species, have larger, distinct sidelobes originating at the midlobe base, but extending much further up the labellum. Another character which helps to distinguish this species is the width and shape of the midlobe apex. The two common shapes are acute, as in Z. meghalayense and Z. rubens, or rounded to truncate with an emarginate apex as in Z. intermedium, Z. roseum and the new species. The subterranean morphology, Z. pherimaense can be considered a tight clumper due to the very short, lateral rhizomatous growth. Here the rhizomes are more vertically developed with each successive growth element formed at the base of the previous growth, resulting in only a few stems in a very small perimeter. This growth is distinct from Z. rubens which has a semi-running rhizome, resulting in more widely spaced stems.Published as part of Thongam, Biseshwori & Konsam, Bipin, 2014, A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Nagaland, India, pp. 221-224 in Phytotaxa 178 (3) on pages 221-223, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.178.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/514549

Effect of Nanoparticles and Organic Extract Preservatives on Vase Life of Cut Flowers: A Review

Cut flowers are used to express appreciation, affection and express emotions on various special occasions. The international trade in cut flowers has expanded in recent years and is expected to grow with the promotion and use of horticultural plants for their therapeutic benefits. Vase life is the period during which a cut flower maintains its appearance in the vase. This is a crucial factor in determining which plant species are ideal for use in floristry, with long vase life plants being considerably more  desirable than short vase life plants. Chemical treatments that extend the life of vases are a major part of floristry. Adding sugars to a vase solution with cut flowers is known to delay aging and extend the life of the vase. Nano-sensors could therefore also help to extend the life of vases with cut flowers and thus enable the monitoring of ethylene concentrations in the warehouses of large growers and wholesalers. In floriculture, nanotechnology has increased yield to potential market value, particularly for essential micronutrients essential for host defence

Zingiber kerrii (Zingiberaceae): A New Record for India from Manipur

Zingiber kerrii, a native of Thailand has been reported for the first time from Manipur, India. Detailed description and illustrations are provided. The plant was found growing with a small population as under shrub in the tropical evergreen forest of Churachandpur district, Manipur. Inflorescence is cone shaped, bracts with reddish pink tip and flowers are milky white

Effects of the Variation of SUSY Breaking Scale on Yukawa and Gauge Couplings Unification

The present analysis addresses an interesting primary question on how do the gauge and Yukawa couplings unification scales vary with varying SUSY breaking scales ms, assuming a single scale for all supersymmetric particles. It is observed that the gauge coupling unification scale increases with ms whereas third-generation Yukawa couplings unification scale decreases with ms. The rising of the unification scale and also the mass of the color triplet multiplets is necessary to increase the proton decay lifetime; the analysis is carried out with two-loop RGEs for the gauge and Yukawa couplings within the minimal supersymmetric SU(5) model, while ignoring for simplicity the threshold effects of the heavy particles, which could be as large as a few percentages

Effect of Varying Levels of pH and Edible Dyes on Tinting and Vase Life of Tuberose

Aims: The objective of this study is to explore how manipulating pH levels and incorporating edible dyes can extend the vase life, enhance the tinting, and improve the overall quality of tuberose flowers (Polianthes tuberosa). Study Design:  The experiment was designed as a complete randomized design with three replications and a total of twenty-eight treatments. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture lab in Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. The study was carried out over a specific duration in 2022. Methodology: Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) flowers were obtained from a local supplier. The flowers were carefully selected based on their uniformity in size and maturity. The study followed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 28 combinations of treatments. The pH levels included three treatments (pH 4, pH 5, and pH 6), while the edible dyes consisted of three treatments (Apple green, Lemon yellow, and orange red) at varying concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 4%). Results: This research reveals that the best conditions for attaining the desired tinting effect on tuberose flowers are a slightly acidic pH level (pH 5) and a moderate concentration of lemon-yellow color (2.5%). This treatment combination was suitable for increasing the water uptake, floret opening, percent increase in floret opening and vase life. While the concentration of the dye influences the strength of the coloration, the pH level has a significant impact on how the color solution is taken up and absorbed by the flowers. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that maintaining a pH level of 5 and using a moderate concentration (2.5%) of lemon-yellow color positively impacted both the tinting process and the longevity of cut tuberose flowers in vases

What Explains Child Malnutrition of Indigenous People of Northeast India?

Household risk factors affecting child health, particularly malnutrition, are mainly basic amenities like drinking water, toilet facility, housing and fuel used for cooking. This paper considered the collective impact of basic amenities measured by an index specially constructed as the contextual factor of child malnutrition. The contextual factor operates at both the macro and micro levels namely the state level and the household level. The importance of local contextual factors is especially important when studying the nutritional status of children of indigenous people living in remote and inaccessible regions. This study has shown the contextual factors as potential factors of malnutrition among children in northeast India, which is home to the largest number of tribes in the country. In terms of macro level contextual factor it has been found that 8.9 per cent, 3.7 per cent and 3.6 per cent of children in high, medium and low risk households respectively, are severely wasted. Lower micro level household health risks, literate household heads, and scheduled tribe households have a negating effect on child malnutrition. Children who received colostrum feeding at the time of birth and those who were vaccinated against measles are also less subject to wasting compared to other children, and these differences are statistically significant