Analysis of Heads-Up Display Quickening Versus Handling Qualities

This study investigated an analytical means of selecting the quickening time constant for the standardized Heads-Up Display flight path marker. The theoretically determined time constant allowed a faster, less resource intensive means of selecting the quickening time constant. The theoretically best time constant for pilot-aircraft handling qualities was equal to the airframe pitch attitude high frequency zero time constant, Tθ2. Flight test indicated an empirical, more labor intensive method yielded better handling qualities, even though paper analysis indicated the theoretical method was better. The theoretically determined time constant gave slightly lower handling qualities. but was less costly to implement than the empirical method

Autochthone beech forests in gorges of Franconian keuper : Genetic structure, species inventary, silvicultural development and mapping in Natura 2000

Im Fränkischen Keuper gibt es in 2 etwa 100 km voneinander entfernt gelegenen Gebieten, dem Spalter Hügelland und dem Obermain-Hügelland, reizvolle Bachschluchten, in denen man reiche Tannenvorkommen vorfindet, die im Falle der obermainischen Rhätschluchten viele montane Arten aufweisen, und im Falle der mittelfränkischen Bachklingen buchenwaldähnliche Mischwälder bilden. Die von WALENTOWSKI et al. (2004) beschriebene hohe Artendiversität und der damit verbundene Wert von Tannenwaldgesell-schaften zeichnet auch die untersuchten Bestände aus. Es werden die Ergebnisse von Isoenzymanalysen präsentiert, aufgrund derer die Tannenvorkommen als autochthon eingestuft werden können. Die genetische Struktur der Tannenpopulationen wird im Vergleich der beiden Gebiete dargestellt. Vegetationskundlich sind die Bestände schwer einzu-ordnen, da Arten aus den Nadelwäldern, den Buchenwäldern sowie den Erlen-Ulmen-Auwäldern miteinander vergesellschaftet sind. Als potentiell natürliche Vegetation ist ein tannenreiches Galio-Fagetum oder Luzulo-Fagetum (Spalt) bzw. ein Vaccinio-Abietetum (Obermain) anzunehmen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet sind eine Reihe von Keuperschluchten als Natura 2000 Gebiete ausgewiesen. Es wird auf die Schwierigkeiten hingewiesen, die der aktuell hohe Fichtenreichtum für die Natura 2000-Lebensraumtypenkartierung der Bestände bedeutet, sowie für einen Schutz und Erhalt der Bestände plädiert.The landscape of the Franconian keuper is rich of gorges with a cool and wet microclimate. Abies alba is a regular component in the gorge forests, being associated with montane plant species. Vegetation relevés using the method of Braun-Blanquet show the floristic relationship with an Abies alba-rich Galio-Fagetum and the Vaccinio-Abietetum. Genetic analyses using Isoenzyme markers indicate the autochthony of Abies alba. The genetic structure in the two different study regions is discussed with respect to the clinal variation of silver fir in Bavaria. The difficulty is discussed to include the investigated fir communities to pro-tected plant communities in the sense the European Natura 2000 program, mainly because of their high proportion of spruce (Picea abies) in the canopy

Identification of varieties and gene flow in Douglasfir exemplified in artificially established stands in Germany

Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] is an economicallyvaluable non-native tree species in Germany and is considered verypromising in view of global climate change. Therefore, the genetic characterization of Douglas-fir populations and seed stands in Germany is essential.We studied coastal and interior Douglas-fir varieties, both presentin Germany, by using eleven isoenzyme and four microsatellite loci. Byanalyzing eight reference populations of known origin we were able toidentify the two varieties on the population level using Bayesian and distance based methods. Seven populations present in Bavaria were then successfully assigned to one of the two varieties. Within varieties we found stronger grouping within the interior variety than within the coastal one. Despite lower differences within coastal Douglas-fir we have first indications for the origin of two populations. For two Bavarian populations, natural regeneration was included and genetic data revealed no significant genetic difference between adults and offspring. The parentage analysis for one of the studied stands revealed that a large proportion of adults took part in the reproduction, but some trees were more successful than othersin transferring their genes to the next generation. Our study was ableto improve variety identification of Douglas-fir using isoenzyme markers and nuclear microsatellites and study reproductive patterns, both are important issues for the management of Douglas-fir stands in Bavaria

Poly(ethylene) glycols and mechanochemistry for the preparation of bioactive 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins

International audienceMechanochemistry was effective for the preparation of 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins from a-amino methyl esters, using either 1,1 0-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or alkyl isocyanates. The preparation of the antimicrobial additives, 3-allyl-5,5 0-dimethyl hydantoin (ADMH) and 1-chloro-3-ethyl-5,5 0-dimethyl hydantoin (CEDMH) were performed by grinding. A chlorination reaction, never described before by mechanochemistry was achieved by Ca(ClO) 2 , while the preparation of the bioactive anticonvulsant marketed drug ethotoin was achieved by a novel approach based on poly(ethylene) glycol (PEGs) assisted grinding

Genetic differentiation of the indigenous Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) populations in Slovenia investigated by means of isoenzyme gene markers

Raziskava obravnava genetsko diferenciacijo 22 populacij smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) z njenih naravnih rastišč v Sloveniji in 4 na Hrvaškem z analizo izoencimskih genskih označevalcev. Razlike med populacijami smo ocenili z genetskimi razdaljami po Gregoriusu (1974) za 15 polimorfnih genskih lokusov. Vrednosti genetskih razdalj se gibljejo med 0,021 in 0,073 (v Sloveniji do 0,063). Izoencimska genetska diferenciranost smreke je razmeroma majhna. Rezultati hierarhične klasifikacije nakazujejo geografsko odvisno združevanjepopulacij v dve skupini: alpsko skupino s Trnovskim gozdom in osrednje dinarsko skupino. Skupini se na območju Snežnika tudi prekrivata.Genetic differentiation of 22 indigenous Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) populations from Slovenia and 4 from Croatia has been investigated by means of isoenzyme gene markers. The degree of differentiation among populations has been measured with genetic distances proposed by Gregorius (1974) for 15 polymorphic gene loci. Multilocus estimates of genetic distancesrange between 0.021 and 0.073 (in Slovenia up to 0.063). Norway spruce populations did not show a strong genetic differentiation by isozymes. The results of hierarchical classification indicated a geographically dependent pooling of populations into two distinct groups: Alpine group including Trnovski gozd and Central Dinaric group, with the two groups overlapping in the Snežnik area

The genetic population study of Balkan Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.)

Background and Purpose: Silver fir (Abies albaMill.) is one of the most important forest tree species in theWestern Balkan area from both economic and ecological aspect. Its distribution has for years been the subject of scientific research, the reason being that silver fir from these areas displays very interesting morphological and genetic differentiation. Material and methods: The development of modern methods and the use of nad5-4 marker have solved the problem of contact zones of silver fir originating from the Apennine and Balkan glacial refugia in the Western Balkan area. The objective of this study was to determine the boundary of gene introgression of silver fir derived from the Apennine and Balkan glacial refugia in the western Balkan populations with the use of isoenzymes. Twenty-four selected populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were investigated. Nine enzyme systems were studied, polymorphic gene loci were scored and so were their allelic types. The analysis of general genetic parameters did not allowfor any conclusion, and neither did the analysis of genetic distances. For this reason, the allele distribution was analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Statistical analysis showed the separation of the populations from Croatia which belong to the group west of the contact zone. In the populations along the contact zone and in those from the eastern part, the grouping did not show any regularity or any clinal variability. The main reason for this is attributed to high ecological diversity, fragmentation and the occurrence of genetic drift. It can be concluded that silver fir originating from the Balkan refugium was more widely distributed in the past, but is now constantly retreating in relation to that originating from the Apennines. Another hypothesis is that it may have reached southern Germany through a similar gene flow. The impact of the alleles originating from the Apennine refugium is also present in the eastern parts of Bosnia

Genetic diversity in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seed stands in the Romanian Carpathians

In Romania, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the most important broadleaved tree species. The goal of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation in and between natural beech populations from the Romanian Carpathians and the transmission of the genetic diversity to the next generation. The populations analyzed were registered as seed stands. Genetic analysis was based on ten nuclear microsatellites. The highest amount of genetic variation was within populations, whereas genetic differentiation between populations was low. In the adult populations the mean number of alleles per locus varied from 8.0 to 10.9, the effective number from 8.3 to 9.6. Heterozygosity ranged from 0.637 to 0.750 with the mean of 0.681(±0.018). The overall genetic differentiation FST between populations averaged 0.014. Geographic patterns within this region were not detected. Regenerating these stands naturally has not implied a reduction in the genetic variation in the following generation. Allelic richness, genetic diversity and heterozygosity in adult stands and their natural regeneration is not significantly different. Inbreeding effects were not observed (F between -0.032 and 0.061). The results complete the knowledge on genetic variation of beech in Romania and give insides into the genetic diversity of beech seed stands. They can be helpful too for the delineation of provenance regions in the Romanian Carpathians.</p

COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR AND GENETIC PROPERTIES OF PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) SEED PLANTATIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA

U radu je analizirana je genetička struktura dvije sjemenske plantaže običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) sa 40 klonova (Kozji grm) i 20 klonova (Šamin gaj). Za analizu su uporabljeni izoenzimski biljezi, ukupno 9 enzimskih sustava, na ukupno 12 gen lokusa. Ukupno 55 alela, u obje klonske sjemenskim plantaže. U multiklonskoj plantaži \u27\u27Koziji grm\u27\u27 registrirano 45, a u sjemenskoj plantaži \u27\u27Šamin gaj\u27\u27 35 alela različitih alela. Genetička raznolikost procijenjena je srednjim brojem alela po lokusu (A/L). Dobivena je vrijednost od 3,83 za sjemensku plantažu Kozji grm i 2,91 za plantažu Šamin gaj. Srednji broj genotipova po lokusu (G/L) je iznosio 5,16 za sjemensku plantažu Kozji grm i 3,58 za sjemensku plantažu Šamin gaj. Srednja stvarna heterozigotnost klonova u sjemenskoj plantaži Kozji grm iznosi 0,2833, a u sjemenskoj plantaži Šamin gaj srednja heterozigotnost je 0,3166. Srednja teorijska heterozigotnost za plantažu Kozji grm iznosi 0,3366, a za sjemensku plantažu Šamin gaj 0,3491.The paper analyses the genetic structure of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones in the multiclone seed plantations of Kozji Grm (KG) and Šamin Gaj (ŠG). The clones in both seed plantations originate from natural populations of common pine in Bosnia and Hercegovina; KG (40 clones): Gornji Janj – 10 clones, Klekovača 7, Kaljina Bioštica 16, Romanija Glasinac 6, Igman 1, while the ŠG plantation contains 20 clones from one population (Igman). The genetic structure was analysed using 9 enzyme systems upon altogether 12 gene loci. Altogether 55 different alleles were observed: in KG plantation 45 alleles were seen, while in ŠG plantation there were 35 alleles. To estimate the genetic diversity, the mean number of alleles per locus (A/L) was calculated: it is 3.83 for KG, and 2.91 for ŠG, while the mean number of genotypes per locus (G/L) was 5.16 for KG and 3.58 for ŠG. The results confirm the assumption that the number of possible classes with genotypes is higher than with alleles. The differences are the most conspicuous if the differences are observed in the occurrence of the individual alleles and the allele frequencies. The mean real hetero-zygote property of the clones in KG plantation is 0.2833, while the same value in ŠG is 0.3166. The mean theoretical hetero/zygote property of KG plantation is 0.3366, and of ŠG plantation it is 0.3491. The present differences show a deviation of the real status from the status of genetic balance according to the Hardy/Weinberg law. The results show that the use of the seed produced in the multiclone seed plantation, which originates from the clones from different provenances, may increase the risk of introducing undesired alleles into the natural population. A more acceptable solution would therefore be the seed plantations from the clones of a single population, and the use of their seed for the regeneration of this population

Towards the dynamic conservation of Serbian spruce (Picea omorika) western populations

Key message High levels of genetic diversity, pronounced genetic structure and limitations to gene flow in Serbian spruce, a rare and endangered tree species from the refugial Balkan region, point towards a "one population-one unit" strategy for assembling a network of Genetic Conservation Units (GCUs) for its dynamic conservation. On the other hand, genetic information also permits to prioritize populations for conservation based on their contribution to genetic diversity and differentiation. Context Serbian spruce, Picea omorika (Panc.) Purk., is a rare, IUCN red-listed European conifer endemic to the Balkan region. Its current rigid conservation (without any intervention allowed in similar to 30 remnant populations) and the extant network of Genetic Conservation Units (four natural populations and three planted stands from the western part of the species range, in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, RS-BH) might be ineffective in preserving the species' genetic diversity. Aims To facilitate implementation of dynamic conservation of Serbian spruce by re-assessing the number and size of remnant populations in RS-BH and updating genetic knowledge on these understudied western Serbian spruce populations. Methods Comprehensive field survey in RS-BH, genotyping 689 individuals from 14 western populations with ten highly informative nuclear EST-SSRs and analytical methods for prioritizing populations for conservation based on their contribution to the geographical structuring of genetic diversity. Results The genetic diversity of western Serbian spruce populations (Ae = 2.524, H-E = 0.451) is comparable with what was found for eastern ones; they are highly genetically differentiated (Hedrick's G'(ST) = 0.186; Jost's D = 0.097) and comprise ten distinct gene pools. Effective population size is often gt = 15. As much as 14% of alleles is not preserved in the extant GCUs established in natural populations. Eight populations positively contribute to within-population genetic diversity, four to genetic differentiation, and two are globally important in terms of diversity and differentiation. Although wildfires may contribute to admixture of different gene pools, re-establishment from seeds from extirpated populations has likely prevailed in studied populations. Conclusions A larger network of GCUs is required for the dynamic conservation of western Serbian spruce populations. A "one population-one unit" strategy, with 14 GCUs, would represent the safest approach to conserve species extant genetic variation in this part of the species range. Nonetheless, a strategy to prioritize populations for conservation based on their contribution to allelic diversity has been put forward. Given the rapid global warming and peculiarities of Serbian spruce distribution, habitat and life history traits, conservation measures based on a rigorously designed GCU network are urgent for its rescue and survival