Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Wpływ parametrów znaku o zmiennej treści na bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność systemu zarządzania ruchem drogowym

The topic of the variable message signs presented in this article was analysed in the aspect of proper choice of the light beam distribution angle. It was proven that the proper control of the beam is justified, depending on the road type and it’s course, since the proper distribution angle lead to a compromise of effectiveness and reliability. The effectiveness is a result of the S-U-U criterion (see - understand - use), and the important for the object lifespan growth in the reliability is a result of lowering the power. The natural context of the discussion, especially in regard to the conscious moulding the traffic security level, are the main national and union standards.Przedstawiona w artykule problematyka znaków o zmiennej treści została przeanalizowana w aspekcie właściwego doboru kąta dystrybucji wiązki świetlnej. Wykazano, że uzasadniona jest należyta kontrola tej wiązki, w zależności od rodzaju drogi i jej przebiegu, ponieważ właściwy kąt dystrybucji światła prowadzi do kompromisu efektywności i niezawodności. Efektywność wynika z kryterium Z-Z-Z (zauważyć – zrozumieć – zastosować), a istotny dla czasu życia obiektu wzrost niezawodności jest rezultatem obniżenia prądu zasilania. Naturalny kontekst dyskusji, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do świadomego kształtowania poziomu bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego, stanowią krajowe i unijne normy prawne

System preselekcyjnego pomiaru parametrów pojazdów samochodowych w ruchu

Heavy goods vehicles moving on public roads are driven by people belonging to all walks of society, including those, who for the price paid by others are ready to multiply their own profits. This problem is discussed in the article, in particular in terms of overloading car's. There is pointed out on the technical implications of such actions. Later in the paper are presented the basic assumptions of lorries pre-selection weighting, which could be treated as a potential reason to the implementation of time-consuming exact weighting procedure. The discussion of hardware-software solution of pre-selection weighing systems was related to practical applications in national conditions. The article highlighted the problem of dynamic effects, significantly influencing the process of weighting in motion.Pojazdy ciężarowe poruszające się po drogach publicznych kierowane są przez ludzi należących do pełnego przekroju społecznego, w tym także takich, którzy za cenę płaconą przez innych są gotowi do pomnażania własnych zysków. Problem ten poruszono w artykule, w szczególności w aspekcie przeciążenia samochodu. Wskazano na skutki techniczne takiego działania. W dalszej części opracowania przedstawiono podstawowe założenia preselekcyjnego ważenia samochodów ciężarowych, stanowiącego przyczynek do wykonania czasochłonnej procedury ważenia dokładnego. Dyskusję rozwiązania sprzętowo-programowego systemów ważenia preselekcyjnego odniesiono do praktycznych aplikacji w warunkach krajowych. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problematykę dynamicznych efektów, istotnie wpływających na proces ważenia w czasie ruchu pojazdu

Wybrane przedsięwzięcia współdzielonych przez współczesnych konsumentów usług transportowych. Wyniki badań

The primary objective of the paper is to discuss examples of sharing transport services in the Polish market as manifestations of the application of the idea of the sharing economy by contemporary consumers. Based on the essence of the considered concept and/or economy model, a review of previous studies was made and subjects for the authors’ own research were selected. The case study and online survey methods were used. In particular, services offered under the Traficar, Uber, and Wavelo brands were analysed. The research that was conducted made it possible to identify the determinants, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of this type of market practice. It also allowed to develop certain recommendations for marketers interested in the methodical application of sharing services and/or products.Celem głównym opracowania było omówienie przykładów współdzielenia przez współczesnych konsumentów usług transportowych z rynku polskiego jako przejawu zastosowania idei ekonomii współdzielenia. Wychodząc od istoty uwzględnianej koncepcji i/lub modelu gospodarki, dokonano przeglądu dotychczasowych badań i wybrano obiekty do badań własnych autorów opracowania. Zastosowano metody studiów przypadków i ankietę internetową. W szczególności objęto analizą przedsięwzięcia oferowane pod markami Traficar, Uber i Wavelo. Przeprowadzone badania umożliwiły zidentyfikowanie uwarunkowań oraz zalet i wad tego typu praktyk rynkowych. Pozwoliły także na wypracowanie pewnych rekomendacji dla marketerów zainteresowanych metodycznym wdrażaniem współdzielenia usług i/lub produktów

Random Microscopic Model of Quaternary Alloys

A random model of microscopic structure of zinc-blende type A$\text{}_{1-x}$B$\text{}_{x}$C$\text{}_{1-y}$D$\text{}_{y}$ quaternary alloys, based entirely on the elastic bond-stretching and bond-bending forces of two-element components AC, AD, BC, and BD, was constructed. The model was applied to Cd$\text{}_{1-x}$Mn$\text{}_{x}$Te$\text{}_{1-y}$Se$\text{}_{y}$ quaternary alloys and the calculated nearest-neighbor distances were compared with the experimental data. Additionally, a possibility of particle exchange (within each sublattice) was included into the model and a possibility of studying the preferential coordination was discussed

The management system of detours in urban areas

This article presents a concept of detour management system for the traffic flow that run through congested areas of the urban agglomerations. This system, using the wide range of the ITS devices, allows to judge the current traffic conditions on the highly urbanized areas and, on the basis of the received data, direct the traffic on the alternative routes, by means of an active traffic information system

Method of vehicle classification using discriminant analysis

Proper characteristics of the traffic flow is a particularly important issue in the process of optimizing the efficiency of transport networks as well as in the traffic control systems. One of the elementary parameters of traffic flows is the structure of vehicles, which evaluation, in case of the automatic systems, requires the implementation of proper algorithms and methods for vehicle classification. In the paper is presented a method of vehicles classification using the discriminant analysis. Furthermore authors developed a classifier, which aggregate data according to classification 8+1 in accordance with the TLS specifications and according with the classification presented in the specification COST 323. As input dataset to the classification method were used vehicle parameters recorded by the weight in motion systems

Classification method for vehicles with a maximum permissible weight up to 3.5 tonnes

Detecting and distinguishing vehicles with a maximum permissible weight up to 3.5 tonnes, among others required in the TLS 8+1 classification, due to the similar dimensions of selected vehicle groups is often a relatively complex process that requires the use of extensive classification methods. Detection of commercials vans is particularly important. Their parameters are similar to lorry vehicles and their incorrect classification, eg in systems of weighing vehicles in motion, results in the lack of information on exceeding the permissible total weight. The article presents the selected classification method and its effectiveness