Implementation Of Approximate Multiplier By Using 4:2 Compressors

Four duplication designs have been proposed using approximately 4: 2 compressors. Overall simulation results show that the proposed designs achieve a significant improvement in accuracy with reduced power and lag compared to previous preliminary designs. An image processing application is also presented to show the efficiency of the proposed designs. This report manages another planned approach to estimating complications. The results of the multiplier are modified midway to present the variable probability conditions. The unpredictability of the estimation justification for the collection of modified fractional elements fluctuates in light of the probability that they will occur. The suggested estimate is used in two variants of 16-bit multiples. The combined results revealed that two of the proposed multipliers reach 72% of the control reserve funds and 38%, individually, in contrast to the correct multiplier. They have better precision when differentiated from the harsh complications that exist. The average relative division numbers are as low as 7.6% and 0.02% for the proposed severe multipliers, which are better than previous work. The implementation of the proposed complications is clarified with an image produced by the application, where one of the proposed models achieves the most striking dazzling peak to the point of inversion

Effect of hyperglycaemia on the activation and epigenetic programming of primary human macrophages

Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes that is related to the development of diabetic vascular complications. Macrophages are key innate immune regulators of inflammation that undergo two major vectors of functional polarisation: classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. Both M1 and M2 types of macrophages play a role in diabetes. M1 are involved in the establishment and progression of insulin resistance and inflammatory processes leading to vascular complications, whereas M2 can have protective effects in diabetes by reducing inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance. However, the effect of hyperglycaemia on differentiation and functional programming of macrophages is poorly understood. In order to analyse the detrimental effects of high glucose on the differentiation and activation of monocytes and macrophages, we established a new model system based on primary human monocyte-derived macrophages cultured in serum-free conditions in the presence of 5mM and 25mM glucose. The effects of high glucose were examined in control (M0), classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. Using RT-PCR and ELISA, the expression and release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta (M1 cytokines) and IL-1Ra and CCL18 (M2 cytokines) were quantified. Hyperglycaemia stimulated the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1Ra during macrophage differentiation. The effect of hyperglycaemia on TNF-alpha was acute, while the stimulating effect on the production IL-1beta and IL-1Ra was continuous during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Production of CCL18 was suppressed in M2 macrophages by hyperglycaemia. Altogether, analysis of the cytokine release indicated that hyperglycaemia itself, independent of other metabolic factors, can induce a mixed M1/M2 cytokine secretion profile that can support the progression of diabetes and vascular complications. In order to identify differentially expressed genes in M0, M1 and M2 macrophages differentiated in normal and high glucose conditions, an Affymetrix DNA microarray was used. We found that hyperglycaemia-induced differential expression of 1171 genes in M0, 1573 genes in M1 and 16 genes in M2. The major affected groups of differentially expressed genes were: chemokines, cytokines, chemokine receptors, the glycoproteins family, the RNase A family, the S100 calcium binding protein family, the solute carrier family, the transmembrane protein family and the zinc finger family. Hyperglycaemia had a very strong inducing effect on the expression of CCR2, a major receptor for macrophage chemotactic factor CCL2 that mediates recruitment of macrophages in chronic inflammation. The ability of hyperglycaemia to enhance the trans-migratory activity of macrophages was analysed in a trans-well system. Significantly higher amounts of M0 (7.6 times increase) and M1 (11.2 times increase) transmigrated towards CCL2 (100 Summary 95 ng/ml) in hyperglycaemic conditions. In consistency with the strong induction of CCR2 expression, hyperglycaemia also induced migration of M1 macrophages towards CCL2 even when it was used in very low concentrations (up to 1.56 ng/ml). The histone code was demonstrated to be an essential mechanism that controls macrophage differentiation in inflammatory conditions. However, the role of the histone code in the hyperglycaemia-mediated programming of human macrophages remained unknown. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) was applied to examine the presence of histone marks on the promoters of these genes. Three active histone modifications (acetylation of histone H3(aceH3), H3K4me3 and H3K4me1) and two repressive histone modifications (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) at the promoters of CCR2 and IL-1beta genes were analysed in primary human macrophages cultured in normal and hyperglycaemic conditions. It was demonstrated that hyperglycaemia caused a statistically significant increase in the level of histone activating marks H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 at the CCR2 promoter and IL-1beta promoters. Hyperglycaemia did not affect repressing histone marks on the CCR2 and IL-1beta gene promoters. Analysis of macrophages isolated from individual donors demonstrated that levels of activating histone marks on CCR2 and IL-1beta promoters corresponded to the level of up-regulation of their gene expression. The cooperation of H3K4me1, H3K4me3 and AcetylH3 was required for efficient stimulation of CCR2 gene expression, while cooperation of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 was critical for stimulation of IL-1beta gene expression in hyperglycemic conditions. Tri-methylation of H3K4 is mediated by the MLL group of enzymes, and our study, for the first time, suggests that MLL enzymes can be involved in the hyperglycaemia-mediated epigenetic programming of macrophages. In summary, we found that hyperglycaemia-induced expression of CCR2 and IL-1beta on primary human macrophages is linked to epigenetic modifications of CCR2 and IL-1beta promoters by activating the histone code. Elevated levels of CCR2 resulted in a high sensitivity of macrophages to the chemotactic ligand CCL2. Our data suggest that hyperglycaemia can be a primary factor that induces attraction of pro-inflammatory macrophages into the sites of low-grade inflammation that can affect the progression of vascular complications at very early stages

Gene expression profile of epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells derived from limbal explant culture

Purpose: Limbal stem cell deficiency is a challenging clinical problem and the current treatment involves replenishing the depleted limbal stem cell (LSC) pool by either limbal tissue transplantation or use of cultivated limbal epithelial cells (LEC). Our experience of cultivating the LEC on denuded human amniotic membrane using a feeder cell free method, led to identification of mesenchymal cells of limbus (MC-L), which showed phenotypic resemblance to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-BM). To understand the transcriptional profile of these cells, microarray experiments were carried out.Methods: RNA was isolated from cultured LEC, MC-L and MSC-BM and microarray experiments were carried out by using Agilent chip (4x44 k). The microarray data was validated by using Realtime and semiquntitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The microarray analysis revealed specific gene signature of LEC and MC-L, and also their complementary role related to cytokine and growth factor profile, thus supporting the nurturing roles of the MC-L. We have also observed similar and differential gene expression between MC-L and MSC-BM.Conclusions: This study represents the first extensive gene expression analysis of limbal explant culture derived epithelial and mesenchymal cells and as such reveals new insight into the biology, ontogeny, and in vivo function of these cells

Systematic mask synthesis for surface micromachined microelectromechanical systems

In the context of designing surface-micromachined microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), there does not appear to be systematic means, with the exception of parametrized layout models, to generate the mask data after the geometric model of a MEMS device is refined through behavioral simulations. This paper focuses on automatically generating masks, given a geometric model of the MEMS device and the process sequence (referred to here as the inverse problem). This necessitates a systematic solution of the forward problem, which involves automatically generating a geometric model of the MEMS device given the masks. A systematic and implementation-independent framework for the geometric modeling of MEMS is presented in order to solve the forward and inverse problems for general surface-micromachined devices. In particular, the geometric problem of mask synthesis is reduced to a system of linear equations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49041/2/jm3616.pd

Expression profiling of genes regulated by TGF-beta: Differential regulation in normal and tumour cells

BACKGROUND: TGF-beta is one of the key cytokines implicated in various disease processes including cancer. TGF-beta inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis in normal epithelial cells and in contrast, acts as a pro-tumour cytokine by promoting tumour angiogenesis, immune-escape and metastasis. It is not clear if various actions of TGF-beta on normal and tumour cells are due to differential gene regulations. Hence we studied the regulation of gene expression by TGF-beta in normal and cancer cells. RESULTS: Using human 19 K cDNA microarrays, we show that 1757 genes are exclusively regulated by TGF-beta in A549 cells in contrast to 733 genes exclusively regulated in HPL1D cells. In addition, 267 genes are commonly regulated in both the cell-lines. Semi-quantitative and real-time qRT-PCR analysis of some genes agrees with the microarray data. In order to identify the signalling pathways that influence TGF-beta mediated gene regulation, we used specific inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, ERK kinase, JNK kinase and integrin signalling pathways. The data suggest that regulation of majority of the selected genes is dependent on at least one of these pathways and this dependence is cell-type specific. Interestingly, an integrin pathway inhibitor, RGD peptide, significantly affected TGF-beta regulation of Thrombospondin 1 in A549 cells. CONCLUSION: These data suggest major differences with respect to TGF-beta mediated gene regulation in normal and transformed cells and significant role of non-canonical TGF-beta pathways in the regulation of many genes by TGF-beta

Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Electrical and Optical Properties of DC Magnetron Sputtered Amorphous TiO

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on p-Si (100) and Corning glass substrates held at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering at different oxygen partial pressures in the range 9 × 10−3–9 × 10−2 Pa. The influence of oxygen partial pressure on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the deposited films was systematically studied. XPS studies confirmed that the film formed at an oxygen partial pressure of 6×10−2 Pa was nearly stoichiometric. TiO2 films formed at all oxygen partial pressures were X-ray amorphous. The optical transmittance gradually increased and the absorption edge shifted towards shorter wavelengths with the increase of oxygen partial pressure. Thin film capacitors with configuration of Al/TiO2/p-Si have been fabricated. The results showed that the leakage current density of films formed decreased with the increase of oxygen partial pressure to 6×10−2 Pa owing to the decrease in the oxygen defects in the films thereafter it was increased. The current transport mechanism in the TiO2 thin films is shown to be Schottky effect and Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling currents