Puppe exact sequence and its application in the fibrewise category map

In this paper, we study Puppe exact sequence and its application in the fibrewise category MAP. The application shows that we can prove the generalized formula for the suspension of fibrewise product spaces. Further, introducing an intermediate fibrewise category TOPHB, we give an another proof of the original formula in TOPB using the concepts of TOPHB

Influence of Model Accuracy on Load and Resistance Factor

Risk and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineerin

Dynamic Strength and Permanent Deformation of Saturated Sand

The undrained cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated sand has been studied using anisotropically consolidated specimens. The strength and deformation under various combinations of initial static and cyclic shear stresses were attempted to clarify. The cyclic strength was first discussed, and then, the residual shear strain was investigated related with effective stress ratio at the end of each stress cycle. Finally, an empirical model was proposed for evaluating the development of pore pressure and residual shear strain of saturated sand subjected to various initial static and subsequent cyclic shear stresses

Earthquake-Induced Settlement in Soft Grounds

Earthquake-induced settlements in clay is derived from both undrained shear deformation and post-earthquake volume change. The former is assumed to be time-independent while the latter must be time-dependent. To determine the characteristics of cyclic-induced settlements, the authors have carried out a family of cyclic triaxial tests followed by drainage on the plastic marine clay. In every test, shear strain and excess pore pressure were measured during undrained stage and volume change was measured during dissipation of excess pore pressure. In the present study, in particular, the results from cyclic triaxial tests were formulated in order to predict the variations of pore pressure with number of load cycles. An excess pore pressure model was used together with the consolidation theory to evaluate the total settlements and their time-dependent variations due to dissipation of cyclic-induced pore pressure. The results of analysis using the proposed method provide a basis for evaluating the post-earthquake settlement in soft grounds

Galaxy Infall by Interacting with its Environment: a Comprehensive Study of 340 Galaxy Clusters

To study systematically the evolution on the angular extents of the galaxy, ICM, and dark matter components in galaxy clusters, we compiled the optical and X-ray properties of a sample of 340 clusters with redshifts $<0.5$, based on all the available data with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and {\it Chandra}/{\it XMM-Newton}. For each cluster, the member galaxies were determined primarily with photometric redshift measurements. The radial ICM mass distribution, as well as the total gravitational mass distribution, were derived from a spatially-resolved spectral analysis of the X-ray data. When normalizing the radial profile of galaxy number to that of the ICM mass, the relative curve was found to depend significantly on the cluster redshift; it drops more steeply towards outside in lower redshift subsamples. The same evolution is found in the galaxy-to-total mass profile, while the ICM-to-total mass profile varies in an opposite way. We interpret that the galaxies, the ICM, and the dark matter components had similar angular distributions when a cluster was formed, while the galaxies travelling interior of the cluster have continuously fallen towards the center relative to the other components, and the ICM has slightly expanded relative to the dark matter although it suffers strong radiative loss. This cosmological galaxy infall, accompanied by an ICM expansion, can be explained by considering that the galaxies interact strongly with the ICM while they are moving through it. The interaction is considered to create a large energy flow of $10^{44-45}$ erg $\rm s^{-1}$ per cluster from the member galaxies to their environment, which is expected to continue over cosmological time scales.Comment: 55 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa